A Masters Degree in Criminal Justice Management 2019

A masters program in criminal justice is generally sought by people who are interested in taking a management role somewhere in the criminal justice system or who are interested in research and teaching in the field. Because of the management focus, many of the core courses will provide the basics in business, finance, and management and computer technology. Management roles in every aspect of criminal justice require these basics, including the command roles in law enforcement. Police captains and chiefs must be able to analyze crime data, manage budgets, handle personnel issues and understand the database systems that every police department relies on today. Most of the management positions in criminal justice are in the public sector. Probation and parole departments, corrections facilities and rehabilitation programs are either government-run or organizations that are contracted by the government to provide these services. Understanding the basics of public administration are an important component of management in criminal justice. This will include knowledge of the budget and spending process that is unique to government. It will also require a sensitivity to the public nature of the business and the frequent exposure in the media of various criminal justice issues. .u8d42b6963587705f91b95aa8cf0f9dcd { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u8d42b6963587705f91b95aa8cf0f9dcd:active, .u8d42b6963587705f91b95aa8cf0f9dcd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u8d42b6963587705f91b95aa8cf0f9dcd { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u8d42b6963587705f91b95aa8cf0f9dcd .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u8d42b6963587705f91b95aa8cf0f9dcd .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u8d42b6963587705f91b95aa8cf0f9dcd:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Why College Students FailThe curriculums for criminal justice masters programs address these issues and others. There will be a class on the ethics of criminal justice, which can be a complex issue in the area of law enforcement. Ethnic and social sensitivity is a requirement for criminal justice graduate course work. Police officers and in particular, probation officers perform best when they understand the social, economic and cultural pressures that may be involved in the cases with which they come in contact. Managing people who work in these jobs requires an even more thorough understanding of environmental impact on crime. Personnel management is also an important skill to the individual who takes his or her masters degree in criminal justice into the private sector. Many corporations today have rightfully become very security conscious, especially those whose business operations are global in scope. An individual who joins the corporate world to oversee or overhaul a companys security system is dealing with more than the alarms attached to the doors. .u9d6bb7638425f36ba9462b1bb2c1a620 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u9d6bb7638425f36ba9462b1bb2c1a620:active, .u9d6bb7638425f36ba9462b1bb2c1a620:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u9d6bb7638425f36ba9462b1bb2c1a620 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u9d6bb7638425f36ba9462b1bb2c1a620 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u9d6bb7638425f36ba9462b1bb2c1a620 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u9d6bb7638425f36ba9462b1bb2c1a620:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Human Resource Management JobsFor this reason, the masters degree curriculum will address cyber-theft and the security of online technology. Companies today spend enormous sums to protect their databases. In many cases, they are obligated by law to build layers of security into their computer systems in order to protect the privacy of their customers. There are security experts that specialize in technology security, but they also need a background in criminal justice. They need to understand what is going on in the criminal world, what investigative techniques are necessary to identify and convict an alleged techno-thief and what the law is regarding consumer privacy. All of these issues are addressed in criminal justice graduate study. Corporate security has become as active and interesting a job market as criminal justice in the public sector. With a masters in criminal justice, you can go in either direction. Related ArticlesCriminal Justice and the Masters DegreeSo You Have a Criminal Justice Degree, Now WhatCareer Opportunities With a Criminal Justice DegreeCareer in Criminal Justice with an Associate Degree 5 Little Known Facts about Life as Police OfficerCriminal Justice 4 Reasons Women Make Successful Law Enforcement OfficersCriminal Justice Degree College Online College Proves to be a Smart Choice for Maryland Working Professionals .u96c27367bd159011fa1875834dd3f617 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u96c27367bd159011fa1875834dd3f617:active, .u96c27367bd159011fa1875834dd3f617:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u96c27367bd159011fa1875834dd3f617 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u96c27367bd159011fa1875834dd3f617 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u96c27367bd159011fa1875834dd3f617 .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u96c27367bd159011fa1875834dd3f617:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Opening Doors to a Health Care Financial Management Career

Analysis Of Henry Ford s Coming Together - 782 Words

â€Å"Coming together is a beginning, keeping together is progress, working together is success†, Henry Ford once said. These wise words spoken by Henry Ford inadvertently relate to how a family works together to adapt to life changes. There are countless obstacles and hardships that people encounter as they journey through life. Having strong, stable, and supportive relationships allow people to be resilient to the hardships. A family subsystem provides support to the changes that occur throughout life. For many, adaptability can be difficult; for some, however, with the support of loved ones, parents, marital spouses, siblings, and extended family, many are able to overcome the countless challenges. Many families have a difficult time adapting to the changing life circumstances that include the presence of a disability. Many emotions engross the minds’ of families who are confronted with the reality that their child or sibling is diagnosed with a disability. Creating a â€Å"new normal† after the diagnosis of a disability can be daunting for many families. Nevertheless, with the support from one another, many families are able to live a happy life. The word change often evokes concern and causes many people to worry. Change is inevitable. Families rely heavily on support from one another in difficult times. As for the Bauer family, they could not have prepared themselves for the changes that had occurred that ultimately altered their lives drastically. Mary Jane and Maurice, theShow MoreRelatedThe Current Corporate Strategy Of The Business3322 Words   |  14 Pages Work together as one team that has one goal. Hence, in order to make this current strategy work, Ford made some functional changes, to the organization that helped Ford to create value. The functional strategies built were achieved by fulfilling these four elements that in turn shaped the distinctive competencies of the organization. The four elements are described below along with the strategies with which it was achieved: †¢ Achieving superior efficiency: Ford had achievedRead MoreCase Study : Ford Motor Company Essay2073 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The company in the following capstone project is Ford Motor Company which is an international manufacturer of automotive and is headquartered in Dearborn Michigan. The company was founded by Henry Ford in the year 1903. The company has developed widely since then and has turned to be the 5th best automaker in the globe and 2nd best American-based automaker industry. The main field of business of the company is the production and sale of the Ford Brand automobiles and the Lincoln brand of luxuryRead MoreAn Analysis Of George Ritzer s Fast Food Restaurants 1649 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Ashley Crossman , â€Å"fast-food restaurants are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world.† This can be summed up with one term, McDonaldization. As a way to easily describe the changes that society was going through, George Ritzer used this as a tool to understand the sociological phenomenon that was upon society. Efficiency, predic tability and calculability. According to Ritzer, efficiency is the process of ...choosing the optimum meansRead MoreVision Statement : Ford Motor Companys Mission Statement2339 Words   |  10 Pages(Thompson, 2015). Ford Motor Company’s current mission statement is about the response to current challenges that company has experienced in dealing with new market risks, such as the American recession and the global financial crisis that started in the late 2000’s (Thompson, 2015a). Ford’s mission statement is â€Å"One Team, One Plan, One Goal (Thompson, 2015a). The company’s mission statement emphasizes teamwork to achieve synergy at Ford (Thompson, 2015a). It is important for Ford to unify all of theirRead MoreFord Business Analysis1797 Words   |  8 Pagesgrowth. As humans, we rely on health checkups to improve and maintain our health. Same thing goes for businesses. Without maintaining proper financial health that company will not be around long aft erwards. I want to begin by presenting and comparing Ford Motor Company’s income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow to determine the financial health of the company versus two of the company’s current competitors. Income Statement Five different categories are covered on a company’s income statementRead MoreImplementation Of Good Clinical Practices1381 Words   |  6 Pagesbecome part of the NDA and this document is used to approve new drug for sale in US. Our goal is to provide sufficient information to allow FDA (Food and Drug Administration) to approve the drug by ensuring that the drug is safe and effective, drug s labeling is appropriate and its manufacturing and the controls are adequate.[8] NDA approval marks a pivotal milestone in drug development.[8] NDA is basically the transformation of a scientific concept into a therapeutic commodity.[8] NDA review undergoRead MoreFord Motor Company s Goals Essay2188 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract In the previous years, ford has had issues with their activities, car transmission system problems, and issues with the promotion of the environment and sustainability in production. Through detailed data collection and analysis, the aim of this capstone project is to assess different problems with Ford cars transmission problems, with the objective of making the company’s goals of improving the environment by reducing greenhouse gas emission, implementing methods of manufacturing that areRead MorePriority List for Implementing Supervision Instructional Strategies1636 Words   |  7 Pagesand instruction. This approach is towards the top of my list because of its essential characteristics and purpose of the design. CFG is a unique way to advance one’s knowledge. Committed teachers helping one another with their own assumptions and together critically analyze their thoughts to help students. This experience contributes to professional growth. Limitations: If the approach is not clearly understood by the teachers and the leader does not spend time on developing norms in this settingRead MoreA Visit At Mcdonald s An Interesting Assignment Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pageskitchens resemble an assembly line like the ones Henry Ford used in his automobile company back in the 1950’s. In this precise case, the employees represent the parts of the machine that does a task over and over again. You go into any McDonald’s and you place your order with the cashier, a Point of Sale (POS) system will print a copy of your order in the cooking area, the employee there will read the article name and like a machine will put it together, place it in the hot station for the cashierRead MoreStrategic Audit Ford7675 Words   |  31 Pagescontents 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Strategic Issues of Ford 4 3.0 The External Environment 5 3.1 PESTEL Analysis 5 3.1.1 Political Environment 5 3.1.2 Economic Environment 6 3.1.3 Social Environment 7 3.1.4 Technological Environment 7 3.1.5 Natural environment 8 3.1.6 Legal Environment 8 3.2 The Industry Porters’ Five Model 9 3.2.1 Buyer’s Power - Moderate 9 3.2.2 Suppliers’ Power - Low 10 3.2.3 Threat of New Entrants - Low 11 3.2.4 Threat of Substitutes – Slightly Moderate

Investigatory Project in Biology Free Essays

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHILI (CAPSICUM ANNUM) EXTRACT An Investigatory Research Presented to Mrs. Presented by CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study . Capsicum annuum is a domesticated species of the plant genus Capsicum native to southern North America and northern South America. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigatory Project in Biology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chili has been a part of the human diet in the Americas since at least 7500 BC. There is archaeological evidence at sites located in southwestern Ecuador that chili peppers were domesticated more than 6000 years ago and is one of the first cultivated crops in the Central and South Americas that is self-pollinating. The plant is a perennial, but usually grown as an annual, with a densely branched stem. The plant reaches 0. 5–1. 5 m (20–60 in). The species is a source of popular sweet peppers and hot chili fruit, and numerous varieties are cultivated around the world. Despite being a single species, Capsicum annuum has many cultivars, with a variety of names. In American English it is commonly known as a chili pepper or bell pepper. Hot peppers are used in medicine as well as food in Africa. It is employed in medicine, in combination with Cinchona in intermittent and lethargic affections, and also in atonic gout, dyspepsia accompanied by flatulence, tympanitis, paralysis etc. Its most valuable application appears however to be in cynanche maligna and scarlatina maligna, used either as a gargle or administered internally. In this research, antimicrobial activity of chili will be studied. Certain bacteria and fungal species will be the focus of the experiment. Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and fungi like Trichophyton rubrum Statement of the Problem The main problem of this study is to determine the antimicrobial activity of chili (Capsicum annum) extract. This study also intends to answer the following. 1. The effectiveness of the chili extract as an antimicrobial. 2. The response of the bacteria species to the chili extract. 3. The response of the fungal species to the chili extract. Significance of the Study This study would add knowledge in the field of science. This would also be a help in further studies about plants as antimicrobial. Science students and science teachers can use this as a source for future research with regards to this study. The public would directly benefited by this study. Infections of bacteria and fungi to humans such as pimples, athlete’s foot, skin infection and diarrhea will be aided naturally. Since chili is cheap and highly available, people can easily get and make antimicrobial extract from chili. Moreover, this study may as well be use by future researchers as a resource material. Scope and Limitation of the Study This research would make use extract from chili as antimicrobial. Other natural extracts from other plants are excluded. Antimicrobial activity includes bacteria and fungal species. Bacteria species consist of Staphylococcus aureus while fungal species consist of Trichophyton rubrum. Dealing with microorganisms might be exposed for contamination. Aseptic technique should be observed. Over 2 plates of microorganisms will be prepared and a many laboratory works will be done. This might lessen the effectiveness of the research data and result due to human cause. That’s why human patience and strength should be employed to avoid incorrect result. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Capsicum Annuum as Plant Capsicum annuum is a domesticated species of the plant genus Capsicum native to southern North America and northern South America. The three species C. annuum, C. frutescens and C. chinense all evolved from a single common ancestor located somewhere in the northwest Brazil – Columbia area. his species is the most common and extensively cultivated of the five domesticated capiscums. The name annuum means â€Å"annual† (from the Latin annus â€Å"year†, the plant is not an annual and in the absence of winter frosts can survive several seasons and grow into a large perennial shrub. The C. nnuum is especially productive in warm and dry climates. The single flowers are an off-white (sometimes purplish) color whilst the stem is densely branched and up to 60  centimetres (24 in) tall. When ripe, the fruit may be green, yellow or red. In American English the plant is commonly known as a chili pepper or bell pepper. Sweet peppers are very often used as a bulking agent i n cheap ready made meals/take-away food as they are cheap, have a strong flavour, and are colorful. The colorful aspect of peppers increases the visual appeal of the food, making it more appetizing. Capsaicin, a chemical found in chili peppers, creates a burning sensation once ingested which can last for several hours after ingestion. In British English, the sweet varieties are called red or green peppers, and the hot varieties chillies whereas in Australian and Indian English the name capsicum is commonly used for bell peppers exclusively and chilli is often used to encompass the hotter varieties. Uses of Capsicum Annuum The species is a source of popular sweet peppers and hot chilis with numerous varieties cultivated all around the world. Hot peppers are used in medicine in Africa and other countries. It is employed in medicine, in combination with Cinchona in intermittent and lethargic affections, and also in atonic gout, dyspepsia accompanied by flatulence, tympanitis, paralysis etc. Its most valuable application appears however to be in cynanche maligna (acute diptheria) and scarlatina maligna (malignent Scarlet fever, used either as a gargle or administered internally. It is also considered efficacious for a wide variety of symptoms including sore throat nd fever. Microorganisms Microorganisms are very diverse; they include bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protists; microscopic plants (green algae); and animals such as plankton and the planarian. Some microbiologists also include viruses, but others consider these as non-living. Most microorganisms are unicellular (single-celled), but this is not universal, since some multicellular organisms are microscopic, while some unicellular protists and bacteria, like Thiomarg arita namibiensis, are macroscopic and visible to the naked eye. Microorganisms live in all parts of the biosphere where there is liquid water, including soil, hot springs, on the ocean floor, high in the atmosphere and deep inside rocks within the Earth’s crust. Microorganisms are critical to nutrient recycling in ecosystems as they act as decomposers. As some microorganisms can fix nitrogen, they are a vital part of the nitrogen cycle, and recent studies indicate that airborne microbes may play a role in precipitation and weather. Microbes are also exploited by people in biotechnology, both in traditional food and beverage preparation, and in modern technologies based on genetic engineering. However, pathogenic microbes are harmful, since they invade and grow within other organisms, causing diseases that kill people, other animals and plants. Antimicrobials An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms[1] such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Antimicrobial drugs either kill microbes (microbiocidal) or prevent the growth of microbes (microbiostatic). Disinfectants are antimicrobial substances used on non-living objects or outside the body. The history of antimicrobials begins with the observations of Pasteur and Joubert, who discovered that one type of bacteria could prevent the growth of another. They did not know at that time that the reason one bacterium failed to grow was that the other bacterium was producing an antibiotic. Technically, antibiotics are only those substances that are produced by one microorganism that kill, or prevent the growth, of another microorganism. Of course, in today’s common usage, the term antibiotic is used to refer to almost any drug that attempts to rid your body of a bacterial infection. Antimicrobials include not just antibiotics, but synthetically formed compounds as well. Antimicrobial nanotechnology is a recent addition to the fight against disease causing organisms, replacing heavy metals and toxins and may some day be a viable alternative. Infections that are acquired during a hospital visit are called â€Å"hospital acquired infections† or nosocomial infections. Similarly, when the infectious disease is picked up in the non-hospital setting it is considered â€Å"community acquired†. Natural Antimicrobials Many these plants have been investigated scientifically for antimicrobial activity, and a large number of plant products have been shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. A number of these agents appear to have structures and modes of action that are distinct from those of the antibiotics in current use, suggesting that cross-resistance with agents already in use may be minimal. So, it is worthwhile to study plants and plant products for activity against resistant bacteria. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Materials Chili Forceps Mortal and Pestle Bacteria culture Blender Fungal culture Cheese clothSmall circular absorbant paper Beaker Research Design In this study, the antimicrobial activity of Capsicum annum will be measured quantitatively against bacterial and fungal species. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) will be qualitatively determined. Plant Collection and Sampling Method Chili (Capsicum annum) plant will be obtained from the local market of Zamboanga City. Mature chili will be use having a usable size of 1/4 inch in diameter. Chili will be purchased using simple random sampling. This will be applied to all chili vendors in the market. They will be washed in sterile water and will be crushed prior to extraction. Extraction Process The 40g crushed chili will be blended until is reaches a smooth texture. The chili soup will be strained by a cheese cloth and extract the juice. The chili extract will be then set aside for the experiment. Bacterial and Fungal Culture The Staphylococcus aureus and Trichophyton rubrum will be used in the experiment. These microorganisms will be obtained from Department of Science and Technology (DOST). Data Gathering Procedure The MIC will be evaluated on the chili extract showing an antimicrobial activity. From the chili extract, a small circular absorbent paper will be soaked and place on the surface of the cultured microorganism. After 2 days. Result will be observed. The zone of inhibition How to cite Investigatory Project in Biology, Papers

3 Key Aspects of the Anaesthetic Nurse Role free essay sample

The relationship between the perioperative nurse and the patient has suffered a long process of mutation throughout the last decades. If before all the dynamics experienced within an operating theatre were based upon organizational and logistical aspects, these days the focus lies on the patient and all the comfort and security demanded throughout a process that already reveals itself aggressive for the patient. Being the front-line person in this dynamic, the anaesthetic nurse plays a crucial and intense role on the patient’s experience. An anaesthetic nurse is knowledgeable and technically skilled. However, as Flin and colleagues extensively analysed (2008), the way to safety and efficiency is the combination of technical with non-technical skills. The following analysis is based upon three non-technical skills considered essential for the practice of anaesthetic nursing and for the appropriate use of knowledge and technical skills: communication, situation awareness and teamwork; additionally this essay will consider the way these three aspects influence and complement each other. Due to the lack of extensive literature upon the anaesthetic nurse, many examples and correlations are supported on literature from either other fields of profession or other professionals who also work within the healthcare environment. Communication Communication, from the Latin root communicare, means to share or make common (Valpy 1828). Circular transactional models of communication refer to this complex phenomenon as a continuous and interactive process of information exchange in which crucial elements such as sender, receiver, channel and context are greatly influenced by biological, psychosocial and environmental factors (Arnold Boggs 2011). However it is fundamental to understand that communication is not restricted to words. Body language, posture, facial expression, voice tone and touch are key elements referred to as non-verbal communication (Knapp Hall 2010). This type of communication can have a greater impact on the message than the words conveyed through verbal communication (Argyle 1988), for example holding patients’ hands for reassurance. Furthermore, when verbal and non-verbal communication sides of a message are not cohesive, the non-verbal cues could become more reliable than verbal information (Mehrabian 1981). Helping patients throughout the perioperative period requires the anaesthetic nurse to identify their specific needs and anxieties, such as fear of pain or awareness during anaesthesia (Kindler et al. 2000), hence the importance of communicating effectively with the patient whilst adopting a patient-centred approach. Moreover, an open and honest communication approach can be beneficial on patients’ reassurance and compliance with treatment or procedures (National Patient Safety Agency 2007). For instance, warning the patient he might feel some discomfort upon cannulation can avoid unexpected movements as the patients knows what to expect. The interprofessional relationship between the anaesthetic nurse and the anaesthetist also demands effective communication, particularly during stressful situations, for example induction of and emergence from anaesthesia. During these events airway management is crucial and major complications might arise as a result of communication skills (Cook et al. 2011). The case of Elaine Bromiley is a widely known example of how failure of non-technical skills such as communication can overthrow technical expertise and lead to catastrophic outcomes (Bromiley 2009). Similar same skills should be evident with the remaining multidisciplinary team. The National Patient Safety Agency (2007) mentioned communication breakdown events, such as poor patient handover and inaccurate written documentation, as a contributing factor to patient deterioration. For example in the anaesthetic room, a hypoglycaemic episode could be avoided by effective patient handover. Lingard (2004) has studied communication failures in the operative room, concluding that approximately one third of communication events are a failure; additionally, a high percentage of these failures effectively have an undesirable consequence such as inefficiency, delays or mistakes during procedures. In addition, Lingard and colleagues have studied and supported the idea of preoperative checklist and team briefings to prevent or decrease communication failures (Lingard et al. 2008). In fact, the World Health Organization has standardised a surgical safety list (appendix 1) that through effective communication ensures the right patient, right procedure and the necessary steps/actions are guaranteed (World Health Organization 2008). On the other hand, although a team briefing is not a requirement it enhances communication and teamwork and highlights possible issues that can be dealt more effectively if all the team members are aware and help (for example sharing with the team members an anticipated difficult intubation). Situation Awareness Situation awareness has been explained as a three stage process: perception, comprehension and projection (Endsley 2012). According to Endsley, situation awareness begins by perceiving the elements of the environment (Level 1) after which an integration and understanding of those elements (Level 2) will then generate a prediction of near-future events (Level 3). Situation awareness is one of the non-technical skills that were first acknowledged to play a crucial part in safe task performance by the aviation industry, after research on commercial plane crashes concluded that 70% of these were attributed to flight crew failure in non-technical skills (Helmreich 1993). Understanding that aviation and anesthesia shared some concepts (as safety) Gaba et al (1995) transposed situation awareness to anaesthesia which was later referred to as an essential non-technical skill in anaesthesia (Fletcher et al, 2002). Situation awareness is currently integrated in many marker systems that assess non-technical skills performance of several professionals in the perioperative environment such as surgeons (Yule et al. 2008), scrub nurses (Mitchell et al. 2012) and anaesthetists (Fletcher et al. 2003). Although no specific marker system for anaesthetic nurses’ non-technical skills has been implemented, the anaesthetic nurse is part of the anaesthetic team (The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland 2010) caring for the same patient with the same determination. Therefore, non-technical skills such as situation awareness are also as fundamental for anaesthetic nursing practice as are for anaesthetists. Complementing Endsley 3 level theory, the ANTS taxonomy referred to patients, time and equipment as elements of the theatre environment. Moreover, an additional part of having situation awareness is to be alert to what the co-workers are doing – team awareness (Tenney Pew 1995). All these fundamental aspects of situation awareness will enable the anaesthetic nurse to deliver good patient care and skilled assistance. For instance, in a scenario of induction of anaesthesia, first stage of situation awareness will allow the nurse to identify the patient’s inability to breathe by looking at the lack of chest movements or maybe the patients colour and alarming monitor for low O2Sats. Level 2 of situation awareness means the nurse integrates this with the fact the anaesthetist injected a paralysing agent into the patient. Finally if level 3 is reached, the nurse will anticipate that the patient will need a patent airway and the anaesthetist will require assistance to establish this. All three levels of situation awareness can be affected or influenced at any point by individual factors such as capacity, memory or mental models (Endsley 2012). Following the scenario aforementioned, for example, lack of knowledge about anaesthetic drugs will prevent the development of a mental model that relates a paralysing drug to respiratory depression. Another situation that creates an obstacle to situation awareness and vice-versa, is fixation. Fixation errors, described as the concentration of attention on one aspect in detriment of other relevant elements, also impair situation awareness, and therefore ability to deliver efficient care (Fioratou et al. 2010). An example of a fixation error the case of Elaine Bromiley (Bromiley 2009) where lack of situation awareness or awareness of only certain elements (in detriment of elements such as length of hypoxia time) lead to the inability to identify a failed ventilation (appendix 2) situation (Henderson et al.2004). Situation awareness lives together with communication. When Martin Bromiley (2009) illustrated his wife’s anaesthetic incident, a relevant mention was made to the situation awareness of the nurses who knew what was happening and what needed to be done. Unfortunately, communication issues within the team made any positive contribution from the nurses unsound.