The Atom :: Atoms Molecules Elements Science Essays

The Atom An atom is the smallest unit of matter that isrecognizable as a chemical ELEMENT. Atoms of antithetic elements may also combine into systemscalled MOLECULES, which are the smallest unitsof chemical COMPOUNDS. In all these ordinaryprocesses, atoms may be considered as theancient Greeks imagined them to be the ultimate edifice blocks of matter. When stronger forcesare applied to atoms, however, the atoms maybreak up into smaller parts. Thus atoms areactually composites and not units, and have acomplex inner organize of their own. By studyingthe processes in which atoms break up, scientistsin the 20th century have come to understand manydetails of the inner structure of atoms. The coat ofa typical atom is only about 10 (-10th) meters. Acubic centimeter of solid matter containssomething like 10 (24th) atoms. Atoms cannot beseen victimization optical microscopes, because they aremuch smaller than the wavelengths of visible light.By using more advanced imaging techniques suchas electron microscopes, scanning tunnelingmicroscopes, and atomic force microscopes,however, scientists have been able to produceimages in which the sites of individual atoms canbe identified. EARLY ATOMIC THEORIES Thefirst recorded speculations that MATTERconsisted of atoms are install in the works of theGreek philosophers LEUCIPPUS andDEMOCRITUS. The essence of their views isthat all phenomena are to be understood in termsof the motions, through empty space, of a large come up of tiny and indivisible bodies. (The nameatom comes from the Greek words atomos, forindivisible.) According to Democritus, thesebodies differ from one another in shape and size,and the observed variety of substances derivesfrom these differences in the atoms composingthem. Greek atomic theory was not an attempt toaccount for specific details of physical phenomena.It was instead a philosophical response to the top dog of how change can occur in reputation. Littleeffort was made to make atomic theoryquantitat ive--that is, to develop it as a scientific meditation for the study of matter. Greek atomism,however, did introduce the valuable concept thatthe nature of everyday things was to beunderstood in terms of an invisible substructure ofobjects with unfamiliar properties. Democritus say this especially clearly in one of the fewsayings of his that has been preserved Colorexists by convention, sweet by convention, bitterby convention, in reality zero exists but atomsand the void. Although adopted and extended bysuch later ancient thinkers as EPICURUS andLUCRETIUS, Greek atomic theory had strongcompetition from other views of the nature ofmatter. One such view was the four-elementtheory of EMPEDOCLES. These alternativeviews, championed by ARISTOTLE amongothers, were also motivated more by a desire toanswer philosophical questions than by a wish to

Treatment of Women throughout Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Treatment of Womenthroughout Othello Lamentably, sexism raises its ugly head even in such an unquestionably great tragedy as William Shakespeares Othello. Let us pursue a study of the problem in this essay. In William Shakespeare The Tragedies, Paul A. Jorgensen describes the sexist brothel scene in Othello The brothel scene (4.2), sadistically cruel because in it he talks to Desdemona as to a whore, is yet full of tearful agony and even ardent tenderness. It redeems him in his wish that heaven were trying him with melancholy a theologically saving be pillowf and it opens momentarily his heart when he sees his worst affliction without which he could bear the ordeal being discarded from in that respect where I have garnered up my heart (4.2.57). (65) In the opening scene, while Iago is expressing his hatred for the general Othello for his selection of Michael Cassio for the lieutenancy, he contrives a plan to partially strike back himself (I follow him to serve my turn upon him), with Roderigos assistance, by alerting Desdemonas contract, Brabantio, to the fact of his daughters elopement with Othello Call up her father, / Rouse him realise after him, poison his delight . . . . Implied in this move is the fact of a fathers assumed control over the daughters resource of a marriage partner. Iagos warning to the senator follows closely Zounds, sir, youre robbd for shame, put on your gown / Your heart is burst, you have lost half your soul. This statement also implies that the father has authority over the daughter. Brabantios admonition to Roderigo implicitly expresses the same message The worser welcome I have charged thee not to haunt about my doors ... ... lie Upon my soul, a lie, a wicked lie. She false with Cassio (5.2) Then she accuses him of causing murder And your reports have set the murder on. Emilias stunning interrogation and confidence of her own husband as the evil mastermind behind the murder reverses the sexist image of women und erlying the play. Her performance proves that women are guided by reason out to the same extent, or even greater than, men and that men are passion-driven moreso than are women. The tables are turned on sexism at the very climax of the gambling WORKS CITED Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare The Tragedies. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1985. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

The Crucible of War by Fred Anderson :: Civil War Slavery American History Essays

The Crucible of fight by Fred AndersonAn account of ex- break ones back and abolitionist Frederick Douglass opens this chapter. When news arrived of the Confederacy firing on Fort Sumter, Douglass cheered the outbreak of the fighting and Lincolns vow to maintain the Union. Douglass recognized that the Union was fighting solely to uphold the Constitution and preserve the nation, not to end thrall but he also understood, much earlier than most, that a war to save the Union would inevitably become a war to end slavery. And the War CamePresident Lincoln was determined to stop the spread of secession and to take no action that would push the still undecided Upper South into seceding. He sought to reassure the Deep South of the safety of slavery, giving Unionists there the possibility of reasserting themselves and overturning the secession decision, but at the same time he do it clear that he was determined to uphold the Union. His Confederate counterpart, Jefferson Davis, was equally r esolved to see an independent Confederate States of America. While neither man sought war, twain knew one side would provoke it sooner or later, and the war would come. The Surrender of Fort Sumter Fort Sumter, a federally manned fort inside capital of West Virginia harbor, was a hateful symbol to the Confederacy of the nation it had throw awayed. Union forces at the fort were running short of supplies and, unless they were reprovisioned, would have to evacuate. Lincoln knew that to surrender Sumter would be to abandon his commitment to preserving the Union, so he sent a relief expedition, telling Confederates that there would be no attempt to send troops or munitions unless the egress ships were attacked. TheConfederates faced a dilemma If they allowed the ships through, they would be submitting to federal authority, but taking the fort would make them the aggressors. The decision was made on April 12. When Fort Sumters Union commander refused the southern order to surrender, C onfederate shore batteries began shelling the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. The Civil War had begun. The Upper South Chooses Sides Lincolns proclamation calling for the loyal states to muster 75,000 volunteers to be sick down the rebellion forced the other slave states to choose sides. Over the next five weeks, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina seceded. The Confederacy now contained eleven of the fifteen slave states. In the border slave states ofKentucky, Delaware, Maryland, and Missouri, secession was thwarted by a combination of local Unionism and federal intervention, including the use of martial law to repress Confederate sympathizers.

Media: A Strong Influence on Body Image and Disordered Eating Essay

It would be incredibly naive to believe that our American society is not super preoccupied with the quest for thinness. E reallywhere you go, (i.e. grocery stores, bookstores, fitness centers, theaters) images of both men and women who society has deemed beautiful are deliberately posted in order to denounce a product, entice an audience, or merely to gain attention. Even in an age where the rates for obesity are change magnitude at a fast pace, it seems as though our society still idolizes the chiseled, lean man and the ultra thin woman. Many would argue that Hollywood and media has a definite force on creating a standard of beauty for its viewers. Many adolescents and young adults are feeling it rattling difficult to achieve and maintain this specific body and weight holy man. It should make one wonder whether or not this emphasis on the external appearance has a played a part in the increase numbers of men and women who are unhappy with their bodies and who as a result, dec ide to make extreme changes in their dieting and exercise r issueines. It has been suggested that mass media may be partly to blame to the drastic increase in the prevalence of eating disturbances in our nation (Anschutz, Van Strien, & Engels, 2008). Many believe that there is an ever-widening gap surrounded by what the media portrays as the perfection body coat and weight and what womens actual body sizing is. As a result, after continually viewing images of people whose size is almost impossible to achieve, both men and women are increasingly feeling bad ab break their bodies and report dissatisfaction. Thornton and Moore assert, according to the social comparison theory, people hunt down to evaluate their own appearance more negatively after viewing highly attractive individuals (as... ...m women who appear on most of todays television media are very rarely is the size of the average American women. Instead, television most often portrays women who have had a number of child ren and yet still are maintain a very slim, size two wearing, frame. Certain communication theories state that exposure to various media outlets can lead viewers to begin to accept the media portrayals of beauty as reality. Some researchers believe that this constant exposure creates in women the belief that looking like the seen images is expected and central to attractiveness. Lavine and Harrison (2004) assert, media presentations of womens bodies are so skewed, showcasing an ideal that is out of reach to most, adopting this reality may lead to decreased satisfaction with ones own and to behaviors aimed at meeting this ideal (as cited in Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008). Media A weapons-grade Influence on Body Image and Disordered Eating EssayIt would be incredibly naive to believe that our American society is not extremely preoccupied with the quest for thinness. Everywhere you go, (i.e. grocery stores, bookstores, fitness centers, theaters) images of both men and wom en who society has deemed beautiful are deliberately posted in order to plow a product, entice an audience, or merely to gain attention. Even in an age where the rates for obesity are increasing at a speedy pace, it seems as though our society still idolizes the chiseled, lean man and the ultra thin woman. Many would argue that Hollywood and media has a definite force on creating a standard of beauty for its viewers. Many adolescents and young adults are feeling it very difficult to achieve and maintain this specific body and weight ideal. It should make one wonder whether or not this emphasis on the external appearance has a played a part in the increasing numbers of men and women who are unhappy with their bodies and who as a result, decide to make extreme changes in their dieting and exercise routines. It has been suggested that mass media may be partly to blame to the drastic increase in the prevalence of eating disturbances in our nation (Anschutz, Van Strien, & Engels, 2008). Many believe that there is an ever-widening gap surrounded by what the media portrays as the ideal body size and weight and what womens actual body size is. As a result, after continually viewing images of people whose size is almost impossible to achieve, both men and women are increasingly feeling bad about their bodies and report dissatisfaction. Thornton and Moore assert, according to the social comparison theory, people tend to evaluate their own appearance more negatively after viewing highly attractive individuals (as... ...m women who appear on most of todays television media are very rarely is the size of the average American women. Instead, television most often portrays women who have had a number of children and yet still are maintain a very slim, size two wearing, frame. Certain communication theories state that exposure to various media outlets can lead viewers to begin to accept the media portrayals of beauty as reality. Some researchers believe that this consta nt exposure creates in women the belief that looking like the seen images is expected and central to attractiveness. Lavine and Harrison (2004) assert, media presentations of womens bodies are so skewed, showcasing an ideal that is out of reach to most, adopting this reality may lead to decreased satisfaction with ones own and to behaviors aimed at meeting this ideal (as cited in Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008).

How to Make a Simple Birthday Cake :: Expository Process Essays

How to Make a Simple Birthday Cake brace you ever wanted to make a natal day measure for a loved one? Well, here is howto make a simple birthday cake. alone youll need is a little time, love, and a few items from the grocery store.You will need a boxed cake intermixture (the favorite of the birthday person), shortening,eggs, oil, flour, and birthday candles (the number will depend on the age of the birthdayperson.) When you get home, you will need to gather a few items a large motley bowl, alarge cake pan, an electric mixer or a large mixing spoon, a spatula, and measuring cupsand spoons.First, you will need to wash your turn over and subject field area. Read through thedirections on the cake box to be sure you have everything you need. Then, gather all ofyour equipment and food items in your work area, spring it according to the order youwill use them in making your cake. Be sure to preheat your oven to the appropriatetemperature before you begin.Next, put the dry cake m ix into your large mixing bowl. Then, put the prescribedamount of water, oil, and eggs into the mix. Then, with the electric mixer or mixing spoon mix the striker until it is smooth and unornamented of clumps. Next, grease the large cake pan with the shortening. If you wish, you can wrap your fingers with wax paper to keep them from getting greasy. Then, flour the pan lightly. If you do this over the scraps can it will be easier to clean your work area later. Next, pour the cake batter into the cake pan, using the rubber spatula to scrape all of the batter off of the sides of the bowl. Be sure the batter is level in the pan so it will rise evenly. Next, place the cake on the top dart of the oven and bake for the amount of time specified on the box, the time is usually around thirty minutes. While the cake is baking clean up you work area. After the cake is done remove it from the oven. If you push a toothpick to thebottom and it comes out clean it is done. Turn off the oven and let the cake cool. Afterthe cake has had ample time to cool, you are ready to spread the icing on the cake.

How to Make a Simple Birthday Cake :: Expository Process Essays

How to Make a Simple Birthday CakeHave you ever wanted to make a natal day bar for a loved one? Well, here is howto make a simple birthday cake. All youll need is a little time, love, and a hardly a(prenominal) items from the grocery store.You will need a boxed cake mix (the favorite of the birthday person), shortening,eggs, oil, flour, and birthday good dealdles (the number will depend on the jump on of the birthdayperson.) When you get home, you will need to gather a few items a large mixing bowl, alarge cake pan, an electric mixer or a large mixing spoon, a spatula, and measuring cupsand spoons.First, you will need to wash your hands and run short area. Read through thedirections on the cake box to be sure you have everything you need. Then, gather all ofyour equipment and food items in your work area, organize it according to the order youwill use them in making your cake. Be sure to preheat your oven to the appropriatetemperature before you begin.Next, put the dry c ake mix into your large mixing bowl. Then, put the prescribed tote up of water, oil, and eggs into the mix. Then, with the electric mixer or mixing spoon mix the batter until it is smooth and free of clumps. Next, grease the large cake pan with the shortening. If you wish, you can wrap your fingers with wax paper to keep them from getting greasy. Then, flour the pan lightly. If you do this over the garbage can it will be easier to clean your work area later. Next, pour the cake batter into the cake pan, using the rubber spatula to scrape all of the batter off of the sides of the bowl. Be sure the batter is take aim in the pan so it will rise evenly. Next, place the cake on the top rack of the oven and bake for the amount of time specified on the box, the time is usually around thirty minutes. While the cake is baking clean up you work area. After the cake is done remove it from the oven. If you encourage a toothpick to thebottom and it comes out clean it is done. Turn off the oven and let the cake cool. Afterthe cake has had ample time to cool, you are ready to opening the icing on the cake.

Ethics and Laws governing insider trading Essay

Insider work remains a controversial issue in the American public domain. around individuals perceive the practice as being unratified. However, insider profession can both be legal and amerciable practice. The provision of the American law dictate that every form of insider trading should be reported to the U. S. Securities and substitution Commission ( second) to make it legal (Miller & Jentz, 2009). This has the implication that the trans execute is not kept a secret for entrance by the general public. On the other hand, insider trading is termed illegal if the transaction is based on information that is not accessible to public.Indeed, it is not only illegal to trade ones company in the stock market based on non-public information but even to give another soulfulness the information enabling them to trade their stock (Miller & Jentz, 2009). This paper seeks to identify the ethical and legal aspects of insider trading practices in the business world. In particular, the au thor gives an argument is back up of the claim that imposing measures to control insider trading is crucial in protecting the economic by-line of public investors. Definition of insider tradingInsider trading is defined as the act of trading the securities (stock or bonds) of a sight by members with reliable access to non-public information on the given organization (Miller & Jentz, 2009). Such individual energy include but not limited to employees, directors, and major shargonholders in the company as well as other officers. The practice of insider trading is termed as non-illegal if the minutes are not implementd based on the individuals knowledge to non-public information rough the company (Miller & Jentz, 2009).Nevertheless, the term commonly refers to actions in which the parties refer engage in breach of trust and confidentiality of non-public information. As an example, insider trading can involve trading of stock based on information such as profit results or takeo ver of an organization before such information is make public (Miller & Jentz, 2009). another(prenominal) example is were an individual, having prior information of a capacious order in the stock, trades on such before the order is executed leading to a potential price impact. Ethics governing insider tradingthither are numerous ethical implications associated with insider trading. First, insider trading practices are perceived as a potential distortion of stock markets. Investor confidence and trust is one of the roughly crucial elements in determining the long-term sustainability of any economy (Brenkert & Beauchamp, 2009). This is because to ensures the continuous flow of investment capital by members of the community. On the contrary, insider trading serves the ultimate settle of compromising the confidence of the investors by risking risk price impacts on their stock.Based on this reasoning, insider is a contradiction to the policies protecting small scale investments throug h securities in our nation. It is worth noting that insiders and any other third parties involved are usually influential members to the company or in the community, leaving small scale investors vulnerable. Another ethical issue of concern in insider trading is the question of unfair competition (Brenkert & Beauchamp, 2009). Insider trading involves individuals taking advantage of non-public information of a company to execute stock trading practices. fit in to its definition, the practice does not only involve corporation officials, employees, and large stakeholders but even third party members with access of such information. This has the implication that other investors with stocks on the corporation suffer the disadvantage of transacting their stocks and bonds long after insiders have made them. Such is ethically wrong as it deprives investors of their even out to equal opportunity in the stock exchange market. Insider trading has the ultimate potential of leading to the coll apsing of an investment.Insider trading has witnessed the downfall of many strong public corporations in the United States. Good examples of this are the 2002 collapsing of Enron and WorldCom corporations due to irregular trading of their stocks in the securities exchange. According available evidence linked with the collapsing of Enron and WorldCom corporations, it is quite evident that the companies engaged in pecuniary scandals involving misrepresentation of their financial statements to influence their stand at the stock market.This misappropriation of information as is the case with insiders thus risks falling of organizations. In addition, insider trading is a source of liability to the parties involved. The principles of ethical business practices dictate for mitigation of liabilities by members of an organization. On the other hand, the beneathlying laws of our nation seek to lock perpetuators of unethical practices in the investment world (Brenkert & Beauchamp, 2009). Th is is in purpose aimed at safeguarding capital investments and protecting investor confidence.In line with this, insider trading risk tarnishing the reputation of an organization as well as its employees. This ethical issue can be emphasized by the legal case costs and other liabilities that have been incurred by antecedent top officials of the WorldCom and Enron Corporations. Laws governing insider trading Insider trading practices can both be legal and illegal depending on the provisions of the existing laws in the American nation. According to the available laws, legal insider trading should be qualified through SEC fillings which serve to make the proceedings public.There are three legal provisions governing insider trading in America namely 1) common law 2) SEC regulations and 3) US Supreme Court decisions. Common law Insider trading conducted without revelation in inside information to the SEC is legally regarded as fraud under the American common law. The 1933 Securities A ct prohibits fraud in the sale of securities under its provision in section 17 (Miller & Jentz, 2009). These provisions are further strengthened by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. beneath section 16(b) of this act, it is a wickedness for company officials, directors, employees, and stockholders owning more than 10% of the company shares to enjoy short-swing profits through proceedings in the SEC within a period of six months (Miller & Jentz, 2009). In addition, fraud activities during securities trading are prohibited under section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Other common law governing insider trading are the Insider employment Sanctions Act of 1984 and the Insider Trading and Securities Fraud Enforcement Act of 1988 (Miller & Jentz, 2009).These two acts are instrumental in mitigating illegal insider trading activities in the stock exchange market. The laws impose penalties of up to three generation any profits gained through illegal insider trading. Just to be appreciated is the fact that such amount of fine is equally relevant for any losses that were avoided through illegal trading (Miller & Jentz, 2009). Moreover, the laws also provides for potential banning of companies involved in illegal trading depending on the level of such activities.The collapsing of major American public corporations such as Enron, WorldCom, and squeaky clean Martha Stewart prompted the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The act seeks to establish a streamlined framework for mitigating financial scandals both by auditing firms as well as in the proceedings of the SEC (Miller & Jentz, 2009). By dictating for the formation of Public Company Accounting Oversight jury (PCAOB) which dictates qualification of auditors such are no doubt crucial in ensuring sanity in the accounting profession.In addition, this act makes it mandatory for the SEC to specialise financial statements from corporations enlisted in the stock market. SEC regulations Insider trading is governed by a number of provisions of the SEC rules and regulation. In its fair disclosure requirements, the SEC dictates that a company is bound by the law to disclosure non-public information to the public in the event it happens to do so intentionally to an individual (Macey, 1991). If such disclosures were not intentional, the organization should communicate the same to the general public.Another important rule on insider trading is defined in SEC Rule 10b5-1. According to this rule, parapet against insider trading should not only be based on whether non-public information was used during the trade, but even mere possession of such information amounts to a violation of the rule. The provisions of Williams Act of 1968 on takeovers and tender offers also give the SEC powers to regulate insider trading. By definition, the Williams Act is an amendment to the 1934 Securities and Exchange Act. The Act dictates for mandatory wax and fair disclosure of information involvin g tender offers (Macey, 1991).According to its provisions, if a company seeks to acquire or control another through securities, such intentions should be communicated to SEC through fillings and in written to the company to be acquired. The aim of this law is to ensure fair benefiting of the stakeholders as well as allowing the management equal opportunity to make any defense case in a fair manner. In addition, the Williams Act requires that an individual wishing to offer cash tender of 15 to 20 percent of the current market price to acquire a corporation essential registered under federal law to disclose to the federal Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).Such disclosures include source of the money to be used in the offer, existing contractual agreements with the corporation to be purchased, intention of the purchase, and the intentions to be implement upon the successful completion of the tender offer (Miller & Jentz, 2009). Moreover, disclosures with SEC by an individual wishing to purchase 5 percent of a given corporation should be copied to all national securities exchanges were such stocks are traded to make sure that the information is accessible to investors.Under this law, SEC enjoys legal authority to take legal action against persons acting in violation of the provisions. This includes the use of falsified and misleading statements to gain unfair competition in tender offers. Court decisions The US Supreme Court has made numerous landmark case decisions regarding insider trading. During the 1909 case of Strong v. Repide, the coquette ruled that directors are not bound by the law to provide their knowledge to stakeholders about their actions in buying shares from the company (Macey, 1991).However, in the 1984 case of Dirks v. SEC, the Supreme Court found that third party insiders should be held liable for engaging in illegal insider trading provided it is open up that they had reasonable belief that the provider of the information had brea ched a fiduciary duty in the process (Macey, 1991). Such are also applicable if the tipper is found to have gained personal benefits from the receiver upon disclosure the confidential company information. Further, the ruling in the Dirks v. SEC case led to the establishment of the construct of constructive insiders.According to the court, constructive insiders include members who gain access to non-public information from a corporation while providing it with services. Such include lawyers and bankers among other. The court held that constructive insiders are liable of violations of insider trading since their duties dictate against disclosure of their clients confidential information. Another landmark case regarding insider trading is the United States v. Carpenter case of 1986 in which the Supreme Court upheld the concept of misappropriation of information as an insider trading violation (Miller & Jentz, 2009).From the facts of the case, the defendant was conviction for insider tr ading violations after acquiring non-public information from a journalist. This court argued that acquisition of information through a confidential relationship with another individual amount to a breach of fiduciary and the individual must account for any benefits gained from the information. The theory of misappropriation was further applied by the Supreme Court in the 1997 United States v. OHagan case. During this case, OHagan was convicted with violation of insider trading provisions.Working at in a law firm representing Grand Metropolitan OHagan gained confidential information about the companys plan offer a tender to Pillsbury Co. he used this information to buy call options on Pillsbury stock, an act that brought him a profit of $4 million. OHagan was convicted with fraud. The court argued that OHagan had committed fraud for using confidential information to benefit him in the securities trade, a move that breached the duty owed to the information source (Miller & Jentz, 2009 ). Conclusion It is established that insider trading has numerous ethical implications.The practice is a major source of unfair competition in the securities trading business. This is because it gives competitive advantage to influential members of the corporation in terms of profitable stock trading through access of non-public information about the company. On the other hand, insider trading can be a source of liability for the perpetuators. Such can be evident from the provisions of the Insider Trading Sanctions Act of 1984 and the Insider Trading and Securities Fraud Enforcement Act of 1988 which dictates for penalties of up to three times any benefits gained from illegal insider trading.Still established during the research is that insider trading in the American nation is governed by common laws, SEC rules, and numerous court statutes. Under the common law is the provision of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, it is a crime for company officials, directors, employees, and st ockholders owning more than 10% of the company shares to enjoy short-swing profits through transactions in the SEC within a period of six months. This law also prohibits fraud. The Williams act on the other side gives the SEC authority to prosecute individuals and companies for insider trading violations.All in all, given that insider trading potentially distorts the stock market, imposing measures to control insider trading is crucial in protecting the economic interest of public investors. References Miller, R. L. & Jentz, G. A. (2009). Fundamentals of Business Law Summarized Cases. 8th Ed. Chicago Cengage Learning. Macey, R. J. (1991). Insider trading economics, politics, and policy. Washington, D. C. American Enterprise Institute. Brenkert, G. G. & Beauchamp, T. L. (2009). The Oxford Handbook of Business Ethics. New York Oxford University Press US.

Bloodlines Chapter Eleven

BEFORE CLASS THE NEXT DAY, I left a message with someone at the Alchemists bump office, telling them I needed Mr. and Mrs. Melrose to send a none excusing Jill from PE or at least from outdoor activities. I hoped theyd spark quickly on this. The Alchemists were fast when they wanted to be, but they sometimes had odd conceits of what took priority. I hoped they didnt create the same attitude toward Jills misery as Keith did.But I knew non to expect any action that day, so Jill had to suffer through another PE class and I had to suffer through watching her suffer. What was au and sotic totallyy stark was that Jill didnt whine or try to go bad out of anything. She didnt dismantle show any sign of last nights breakdown. She came in with determination and optimism, as though perchance this would be the day the sun wouldnt affect her. Yet, before long, she began to wane clean as she had last time. She tone of voiceed sick and tired, and my own performance faltered a little b ecause I unbroken watching her, afraid shed pass out.Micah was the saving grace. Once over again, he fearlessly switched teams this time from the very start of class. He covered for her fitting as he had last time, allowing her to escape the notice of t all(prenominal)er and classmates well, except for Laurel, who seemed to notice and get annoyed by everything he did. Her eyes flicked angrily between him and Jill, and she kept flinging her hair over her shoulder to get his attention. I was a little amuse to note that Micahs attention remained solely on cumbering the ball international from Jill.Micah also jumped immediately to her side when class ended and had a water bottle ready, which she accepted gratefully. I was grateful too, but seeing his concern for her dr butt againstd up all my old worries. She was unsloped to her word, however. She returned his attentions in a friendly way, but you definitely couldnt call it flirting. He made no secret of his intentions, though , and I shut up worried that it would be better if she didnt fork out to deal with them. Id meant it when I tell I trusted her, but I couldnt help but view itd be a lot easier on everyone if he laid off in his advances. This would require A Talk. Dreading what I had to do, I caught up with Micah outside the locker rooms. We were twain waiting for Jill to finish up, and I took advantage of the alone time with him.Hey, Micah, I said, I need to blether to youHey, he returned brightly. His blue eyes were gigantic and excited. I had an idea I wanted to sour past you. If you guys arent able to get a note for her, peradventure you could see or so getting her schedule switched round? If she took PE maiden period, it wouldnt be nearly as hot out yet. peradventure it wouldnt be as hard on her. I mean, she seems like shed like to accede in some of this stuff.She would, I said slowly. And thats a really good idea.I know some the great unwashed who work in the office. Ill ask them to run some options and see if its even possible with the comfort of her classes. He faked a pout. Ill be sad not to have her in class, but itd be expenditure it to know shes not so miserable.Yeah, I agreed weakly, suddenly feeling at a loss. He really had stimulate up with a good idea. He was even unselfish enough to give up the chance to be with her in order to promote the greater good. How could I have the talk with him now? How could I suddenly say, Leave my sister alone, when he was going out of his way to be so nice? I was as disobedient as Eddie, avoiding confrontation with Micah. This guy was too likable for his own good.Before I could manage a response, Micah then went off in an un judge direction. You really should get her to a doctor, though. I dont esteem she has a sun allergy.Oh? I asked in surprise. Have you not been watching her suffer through class each day?No, no, deal me, shes definitely got an issue with the sun, he as sealedd me quickly. But she might be mi sdiagnosed. I read up on sun allergies, and people usually get rashes with them. This overall weakness she gets I dont know. I think it might be something else.Oh no. Like what?I dont know, he mused. But Ill observe researching theories and let you know.Wonderful.PE also gave me my first glimpse at one of Amberwoods metallic tattoos in action. Greg Slade was impossible not to watch during class, and I wasnt the besides one who got distracted. just as Kristin and Julia had said, he really was faster and stronger. He made dives no one else was quick enough to react to. When he hit the ball, it was a interrogate we didnt hear a sonic boom shortly thereafter. This earned him praise at first, but soon, I discover something. There was a sloppy edge to his game. He was filled with ability, yes, but sometimes it was unfocused. Those powerful hits didnt always help because hed blast the ball out of bounds. And in running to let a shot, he rarely considered those approximately him. Whe n a guy from my English class got knocked down flat on his tush, simply for being in the path of Slade and the ball, Miss Carson halt the game and roared her displeasure approximately Slades aggression. He took it in with a sulky smirk.Too bad Eddies not in this class, Jill said afterward. Hed be a get match for Slade.Maybe its better no one notices, I remarked. Eddie, from what Id heard, was already a shining star in his PE class. It was part of a dhampirs natural athleticism, and I knew he was actually working hard not to be too good at everything.I cave ined in with Ms. Terwilliger after PE, happy to generate my teacher fully stocked with coffee of her own. I spent most of the period going through the book and taking notes on my laptop. Partway through, she came over to check my work.Youre very organized, she said, looking over my shoulder. Headings and subheadings and sub-subheadings.Thank you, I said. Jared Sage had been very particular in teaching his children research skills.Ms. Terwilliger took a sip of coffee and move reading the screen. You didnt list the ritual and spell steps, she commited out moments ulterior. You just summarize them in a couple lines.Well, yes, that was the point of note-taking. I cite all the pageboy numbers, I said. If you need to check the actual components, theres an easy reference.No go back and put all the steps and ingredients in your notes. I want to be able to have them all in one place.You do have them in one place, I wanted to say. In the book. notes were around condensing the material, not retyping the original text word for word. But Ms. Terwilliger had already wandered away, staring at her filing cabinet absentmindedly as she muttered to herself about a misplaced folder. With a sigh, I flipped back to the beginning of the book, trying not to think about how this was going to set me back. At least I was only doing this for credit and not a grade.I stayed past the late bell in an lawsuit to make up some lost time. When I got back to my room, I had to energize up Jill, who was sound asleep after her exhausting day.Good news, I told her as she blinked at me with sleepy eyes. Its feeding day.Definitely words I neer thought Id say.I also didnt think Id be excited for it. And sure, I certainly wasnt thrilled about the idea of Jill biting into Dorothys neck. I was, however, feeling fine bad for Jill and was glad shed get some nourishment. Being on such a limited supply of blood had to make things doubly hard for her.We met up with Eddie downstairs when it was time to go. He looked Jill over worriedly. Are you O.K.?Im fine, she said with a smile. She looked nowhere near as bad as she had earlier. I shuddered to think what Eddie wouldve done if hed actually been in our class and seen her at her worst.Why is this still going on? he asked me. Werent you going to talk to Keith?Were a little delayed, I said evasively, leading them to where Latte was parked in the student lot. Well make it happen. If the Alchemists didnt come through with the note, I was going to try to act on Micahs suggestion and get her switched into morning PE.We know you will, said Jill. I could just barely pick out the sympathy in her voice, reminding me that she knew about my fight with Keith yesterday. I hoped she wouldnt advert it in front of Eddie and was saved when she switched to a more random and surprising topic. Do you think we derriere pick up some pizza on the way? Adrian doesnt want any more of Dorothys cooking.How terrible for him, remarked Eddie, getting into the backseat and letting Jill ride shotgun. Having a personal chef on hand to make him whatever he wants. I dont know how he gets by.I laughed, but Jill seemed outraged on Adrians behalf. Its not the same She cooks really super-gourmet stuff.Still waiting for the problem, said Eddie.She tries to also make it really healthy. She says its better for Clarence. So, theres never any salt and pepper or butter. Jeez, how often d id she and Adrian talk? Theres no flavor or anything. Its impulsive him crazy.Everything seems to be driving him crazy, I remarked, remembering his plea for new lodging. And he cant have it too bad. Didnt he go to LA last night? Jills only answer was a frown.Nonetheless, I had a feeling wed be hanging out at Clarences for a while, and I personally didnt want to eat anything prepared in that house. So, it was more for selfish reasons that I agreed to stop at a takeout place en route and buy a few pizzas. Adrians face was refulgent when we entered the sitting room, which pool games aside seemed to be his essential hangout at Clarences.Jailbait, he declared, leaping up. Youre a saint. A goddess, even.Hey, I said, Im the one who paid for them.Adrian carried off one of the boxes to the couch, much to Dorothys dismay. She hurried off muttering about plates and napkins. Adrian gave me a conciliatory nod.Youre okay too, Sage, he said.Well, well, what have we here? Clarence came totteri ng into the room. I hadnt noticed before, but he used a cane to get around. It had a crystal snake head on top, which was both impressive and scary. Just the considerate of thing youd picture for an old vampire. Looks like a party. lee was with him, greeting us with smiles and nods. His eyes lingered briefly on Jill, and he made a point of sitting near her but not too near. Jill perked up more than she had in days. Everyone was just starting to dive into the pizza when Dorothy appeared in the doorway with a new guest. I felt my eyes widen. It was Keith.What are you doing here? I asked, keeping my voice neutral.He winked. Came to check in on everybody and make sure alls well. Thats my job to look after everyone.Keith was chipper and friendly as he helped himself to the pizza, with no indication of the fight wed gotten into last time. He smiled and talked to everyone as though they were all best friends, exit me totally bewildered. No one else seemed to think anything odd about hi s behavior but then, why would they? None of them had my history with Keith.No that wasnt preferably true. Despite being deep in conversation with Eddie, Adrian paused to give me a curious look, silently asking about yesterdays fight. He glanced at Keith and then back to me. I shrugged helplessly, letting him know I was just as confused by the change of heart. Maybe Keith regretted his outburst from yesterday. Of course, that wouldve been much easier to accept if it had come with, oh, an apology.I nibbled on a piece of cheese pizza, but mostly I observed the others. Jill was animatedly recounting her first couple of days to Adrian, noticeably leaving out any of the negative parts. He listened to her indulgently, nodding and interjecting with occasional witty quips. Some of the stuff she told him was pretty basic, and I was surprised it hadnt come up in their phone conversations. Maybe he just had so much to say at those times that thered been no chance for her. As it was, he made no mention of his boredom or other grievances.Clarence occasionally chatted with Eddie and lee side, but his eyes constantly strayed to Jill. There was a wistful look in his gaze, and I remembered that his niece had only been a little older than Jill. I wondered if perhaps part of the reason hed been so willing to take us all on was in an effort to reclaim some part of the family liveliness that had been lost to him.Keith had sat down near me, at first making me uncomfortable but then later giving me a reason to pick his brain. Seeing the others engaged in conversation, I asked him softly, Have you ever heard of knockoff Alchemist tattoos making it into the general state?He gave me a startled look in return. I dont even know what that means.At Amberwood, theres this trend. Theres apparently someplace in town that gives metallic tattoos, and they have special properties kind of like ours. Some just kind of give off a high. Others kind of have a steroid effect.He frowned. Theyre not bound with gold, are they?No. Silver and copper. So, they dont last. Probably so the people giving them can make more money.But they cant be ours, then, he argued. We havent used those metals for tattoos in centuries.Yeah, but someone may be using Alchemist technology to create these.Just to get people high? he asked. I wouldnt even know how youd go about that with metallic agents.I have some ideas, I said.And let me guess. They involve narcotic mixtures. When I nodded, he sighed and gave me a look like I was ten years old. Sydney, its most likely someones found a crude tattooing method thats like ours but has no connection. If so, theres nothing we can do about it. Drugs happen. Bad things happen. If it isnt mixed with Alchemist business, then it isnt our business.But what if it is connected to Alchemist business? I asked.He groaned. See? This is why I was worried about you coming, this tendency you have of running off with tangents and wild theories.I dont Please dont embarra ss me, he hissed, casting a glance at the others. Not with them, not with our superiors.His rebuke silenced me, mostly from surprise. What did he mean about this tendency I had? Was he actually suggesting he had made some deep mental analysis of me years ago? The idea that I would embarrass him was ludicrous and yet his words planted a seed of doubt in me. Maybe the tattoos at Amberwood were just an unrelated fad.Hows PE? Adrians words dragged me from my own thoughts. He was still getting the summary of school from Jill. She made a face at the question. Not great, she admitted, giving a recap of some of the worse moments. Eddie shot me a meaningful look, similar to the one from earlier.You cant go on like that, exclaimed lee side. The sun around heres brutal.I agree, said Keith, of all people. Sydney, why didnt you tell me how bad it was?I think my jaw hit the floor. I did Thats why I was trying to get you to contact the school.You didnt really give me the whole story. He flashed one of his sugary smiles at Jill. Dont worry. Ill take care of this for you. Ill get in touch with school officials and the Alchemists.I already talked to them, I argued.But I might as well have not said anything. Keith had already switched topics and was talking to Clarence about something irrelevant. Where had this about-face come from? Yesterday, Jills discomfort had been low priority. Today, Keith was her knight in shining armor. And in the process, he was suggesting that I was the one whod screwed up. Thats his plan, I realized. He doesnt want me here. He never has. And then something even worse occurred to me.Hes going to use this to start building a case against me.Across the room, Adrian caught my eye again. He knew. Hed been eavesdropping when I talked to Keith in the driveway. Adrian started to speak, and I knew he was going to call Keith out on his lie. It was gallant but not what I wanted. I would deal with Keith myself.How was LA? I asked quickly before Adrian had a ch ance to say anything. He looked at me curiously, no doubt wondering why I wouldnt let him be a witness to my case. You went there with Lee last night, right?Adrian looked confused, but a grin smoothed over his face. Yeah, he said at last. It was great. Lee showed me college life.Lee laughed. I wouldnt go that far. I dont know where you were half the night.Adrian got this look on his face that was somehow charming but made me want to slap him at the same time. We parted ways. I was getting to know some of the other Moroi in the area.Even Eddie couldnt stay silent at that. Oh, is that what you call it?Jill abruptly stood up. Im going to get my blood now. Is that okay?There was a moment of awkward silence, largely because I dont think anyone really knew who she was asking permission from. Of course, my dear, said Clarence, stepping into his role as host. I believe Dorothys in the kitchen.Jill gave a curt nod and hurried out of the room. The rest of us exchanged puzzled glances.Is somet hing wrong? asked Lee, looking worried. Should I should I go talk to her?Shes still just stressed, I said, not daring to mention the screaming or crying episodes.I thought of something that might be swordplay for her for all of us to do, he said tentatively. He glanced around and then settled his gaze on me. I guess I was the designated mother here. If you think its okay. I mean its kind of silly, but I thought we could go mini-golfing in the evening. Theyve got all these fountains and pools on the course. Shes a water user, right? She mustiness be missing it out here.She does, said Eddie, frowning. She mentioned it yesterday.I shivered. Keith had been texting on his phone and froze. No matter our differences, we still shared a core of similar training, and both of us were uneasy with the idea of Moroi conjuring trick.Shed probably like that a lot, said Adrian. He sounded reluctant to admit it. I think he was still uneasy with the idea of Lee being interested in Jill, no matter h ow friendly the two guys were. Lees idea was both innocent and conscientious. Hard to find fault with.Lee tilted his head thoughtfully. You have a later curfew on the weekends, right? Do you want to go tonight?It was Friday, granting us an extra hour indication at our dorm. Im game, said Adrian. Literally and figuratively.If Jills there, Im there, said Eddie.They looked at me. I was trapped. I wanted to go back and catch up on homework. Saying that sounded pathetic, though, and I supposed I had to represent as Jills only female chaperone. Besides, I reminded myself, this assignment wasnt about me and my academics, no matter how much I pretended it was. It was about Jill.I can go, I said slowly. Thinking that this sounded very much like fraternizing with vampires, I glanced uneasily at Keith. Hed gone back to texting now that magic wasnt being discussed. Keith? I asked by way of permission.He looked up. Huh? Oh, I cant go. I have to be somewhere.I tried not to grimace. Hed misread m e and thought I was inviting him. On the bright side, he also wasnt objecting to the rest of us going. Ah, how nice, said Clarence. An outing for you young people. Perhaps youll share a crosspatch of wine with me first? Dorothy was just entering with a bottle of red wine, Jill trailing behind her. Clarence smiled at Adrian. I know youd like a glass.Adrians expression said he most definitely would. Instead, Adrian took a deep breath and shook his head. Id better not.You should, said Jill gently. Even after a short drink of blood, she looked full of life and energy.Cant, he said.Its the weekend, she told him. Its not that big of a deal. Especially if youre careful.The two locked gazes and then at last, he said, All right. Pour me a glass.Pour me one too, please, said Keith.Really? I asked him. I didnt know you drank.Im twenty-one, he countered.Adrian accepted his from Dorothy. Somehow, Im thinking thats not Sages concern. I thought Alchemists avoided alcohol the same way they do prim ary colors.I glanced down. I was wearing gray. Keith was wearing brown.One glass wont hurt, said Keith.I didnt argue with him. It wasnt my place to babysit Keith. And the Alchemists didnt have rules against drinking per se. We had strong religious beliefs about what it meant to live a good and pure lifestyle, and drinking was generally looked down upon. Was it forbidden? No. It was a custom, one I considered important. If he didnt, I guessed that was his choice.Keith was just bringing the glass to his lips when Adrian said, Mmm. O positive, my favorite.Keith sprayed out the wine hed just drunk and promptly started coughing. I was relieved that none got on me. Jill burst into giggles, and Clarence stared at his glass wonderingly.Is it? I thought it was a cabernet sauvignon.So it is, said Adrian, straight-faced. My mistake.Keith gave Adrian a tight smile, like he too thought it was a funny joke, but I wasnt fooled. Keith was mad at having been mocked, and no matter how friendly he pre tended to be with everyone, his views against vampires and dhampirs were as harsh as theyd ever been. Of course, Adrian probably wasnt helping matters any. I thought it was pretty funny, honestly, and worked to hide my smile so that Keith wouldnt get mad at me again. It was hard to do because shortly thereafter, Adrian flashed me a secret, knowing smile that seemed to say, Thats payback for earlier.Eddie glanced at Jill. Im glad you got your blood today. I know youve been wanting to learn some defense moves, but I wanted to wait until you were back up to strength.Jill lit up. Can we do it tomorrow?Of course, he said, looking nearly as delighted by this as she did.Keith frowned. Why should she learn to fight when shes got you around?Eddie shrugged. Because she wants to, and she should have every edge she can get. He didnt specifically mention the attempts on her life not in front of Lee and Clarence but the rest of us understood.I thought Moroi werent good at fighting, though, sai d Keith.Mostly because they havent trained for it. They arent as strong as us, sure, but their reflexes are better than yours, explained Eddie. Its just a matter of learning the skills and having a good teacher.Like you? I teased.Im not bad, he said modestly. I can train anyone who wants to learn. He elbowed Adrian, who was stretchiness for the wine and a refill. Even this guy.No, thank you, said Adrian. These hands dont sully themselves with fighting.Or with manual labor, I remarked, recalling past comments of his.Exactly, he said. But maybe you should have Castile show you how to throw a punch, Sage. It might come in handy. Seems like a skill a plucky young woman like yourself should possess.Well, thank for the vote of confidence, but Im not really sure when Id need it, I said.Of course she needs to learnClarences exclamation caught all of us by surprise. Id actually thought he was dozing off since hed had his eyes closed moments ago. But now, he was leaning forward with a zealou s expression. I cringed under the intensity of his stare.You must learn to protect yourself He pointed at me, then moved on to Jill. And you. Promise me youll learn to defend yourself. Promise me. Jills light green eyes went wide with shock. She tried to give him a reassuring smile, though it was tinged with uneasiness.Of course, Mr. Donahue. Im trying to. And until then, Ive got Eddie to protect me from Strigoi.Not Strigoi His voice dropped to a whisper. The vampire hunters.None of us said anything. Lee looked mortified.Clarence squeezed his wineglass so tightly that I worried it would break. No one talked about this back then about defending ourselves. Maybe if Tamara had learned something, she wouldnt have been killed. Its not too late for you for either of you.Dad, weve been over this, said Lee.Clarence ignored him. The old mans gaze flicked between me and Jill, and I wondered if he even knew I was human. Or maybe it didnt matter. Maybe he just had a slightly deranged protecti ve instinct toward all girls the same age as Tamara. I kind of expected Keith to tactlessly point out that there were no such things as vampire hunters, but he was uncharacteristically quiet. Eddie was the one who finally spoke, his words soothe and kind. He so often gave off the impression of a do-or-die warrior that it was surprising to realize he was actually very compassionate.Dont worry, said Eddie. Ill help them. Ill keep them safe and make sure nothing bad happens to them, okay?Clarence still looked agitated but focused on Eddie hopefully. You promise? You wont let them kill Tamara again?I promise, said Eddie, in no way indicating how weird the request was.Clarence studied Eddie a few more seconds and then nodded. Youre a good boy. He reached for the wine bottle and topped off his glass. More? he asked Adrian, as though nothing had happened.Yes, please, said Adrian, holding out his glass.We continued the conversation as though nothing had happened, but the shadow of Clarence s words continued to hang over me.

How is God Related to Sufferings in Psalms and Job? Essay

The book of psalm and the phonograph recording of byplay are both separate of the bible that share stories of sufferings, faith and worships. The book of Job was written more than 2,500 years ago which relates the story of Job. Job was a good man and dear choused by theology but in the end must suffer to test the strength of his faith. Since Job believes he is not forsaken by God he trusts everything in the hands of God. One day God thought of testing Jobs faith if it is enough to carry him by means of the trials he would bestow on him. He asks Job what he knows about Him being his God.Job did not fully satisfy God with his answers although God knows what is inside his heart. however God wants to know the extent of Jobs faith to Him and thought of a plan to test Jobs faith. One day capital numbers of insects attack Jobs crops and ate almost every plant he has. Rain did not come and he could not bowl his land. Then he starts to wonder why despite his closeness with God thing s like these could happen. He tried to talk to God but God does not answer. Falling to starvation he became terribly sick and begged for Gods help but God is nowhere to be found.When he felt that everything is pessimistic and was about to die, he called again to God and ask why he was being forsaken and abandoned. He looked into the heaven and said despite he was forgotten by God, his faith still remained in him. Suddenly God touched him and he quickly regained his strength. God told him that he let these things happen to make Job recognise that it is only through suffering and trials that a man will prove his faith in him. That he has not really abandoned him but was with him during the magazine he was suffering. God has to do things to Job to test the strength of his faith.Job did not leave his faith and so he reaped the love of God level off more. That is why God is related to the suffering in this book as a way to test Jobs faith and remained to it even during the term of gr eat suffering. This gives us the lesson that regardless of the suffering we have God will come to our aid as long as we keep our faith to him (Society, 2008). If the Book of Job tells the story of the suffering and strength of faith in God, the book of Psalms were collections of songs of prayers and praise. This book was written by the Hebrews who believe in the might and love of God.A Psalm is a poem that is accompanied by musical instruments and so they are actually poems that have been made into songs. David was mainly the composer of the songs on Psalms which he sang with his harp. There are different kinds of Psalms and all were originally written in Hebrew. Hebrew alphabet is composed of 22 garner and an alphabetical Psalm starts its first verse with the first letter of the alphabet, the second verse begins with the second letter and so on. These Psalms were the hallelujah, thanksgiving, praise, historical, penitential, imprecatory and messianic psalms.Among these Psalms that are related to repentance are the penitentiary psalms which confess the sins of man, the Imprecatory Psalms which tells us how God is angered by sinners and how he will judge them and the messianic psalms advises us about the coming of the Messiah (Books, 2008). Theologians provide explanation on the Book of Psalms that is now within the New Testament. According to them we as people may as well experience suffering the same as Jesus Christ had suffered in the cross. But our suffering should not be believed as punishment for the sins we made but to strengthen us and ready us for a more harmonious destination.In Psalm 3, David has suffered the consequences of his sin with his adulterous affinity with Bensheba. He relate this suffering into a poem and then it became one of the collections of songs. In Psalm 11968, 75 indicate that suffering befalls to us to see the goodness, righteousness and the strength of our faith with our God. Many songs within the Book of Psalms indicated the suffering of man we face as Christians. In Psalm 22, there are also Psalms that questions God and why do we need to suffer.And so God is related to suffering in the Book of Psalms to tell us through the songs that we should not sin and be righteous so that we will be blessed (Futato,1999) .ReferencesSociety, A. B. (2008). Why Does God Allow Suffering? Journal. Retrieved from http//www. bibles. com/absport/news/item. php? id=102 Books, O. T. (2008). Chapter 7 Job and Psalms. Journal. Retrieved from http//www. middletownbiblechurch. org/oldtesta/oldtes7. htm Futato, M. D. (1999). Suffering As The Path To Glory. Journal. Retrieved from http//www. pressiechurch. org/Theol_2/suffering_as_the_path_to_glory. htm

How the Bible Shows God as Creator Essay

The Bible has many different ways of showing paragon as the creator of the universe. Many people use the Bible to reflect on what theology did for them, so that they are able to live as they do now. The Judaeo-Christian imprint is that everything has been created and so there must have been a creator. They believe that this creator is divinity fudge. Before there was anything there was paragon. God is self existent and eternal, He never began and He will never end. God is the creator so therefore has never been created. He was able to make everything from ex nihilo instead of actual matter.The concur of Hebrews agrees with this, we understand that the universe was formed at Gods command, so that what is seen is non made out of what is visible. Also because He is creator or just a fulfilment of time, but when He created time he gave everything a definite beginning according to His will. When God was creating the different parts of the world, He says let there be and there is. This shows God as creator because all He has to do is to want something to be in a particular shape and format and it is.God took control over every single thing he made and moulded it into what He wanted it to be like. When He finished creating something he was pleased, showing that everything He made was perfect. He dominates the beginning of the Bible with all the things that He has made himself. No one else comes into the book for some time because it is all about God, showing his dominance. The story does talk of the creation but in nearly every sentence it talks of how God created or God said or saw, it focuses on God as the creator.The second creation story is that of Adam and Eve. God makes a man from dust and touches his own breath into him. Later on He creates a woman from one of Adams ribs and they are each others true companions. This story shows God as creator because it is showing God creating creation in His own image they are separate from animals because of G od breathing His own breath into Adams body.This gives our lives more meaning and purpose, God wants to live closely to military man and wants people to know about Him and live with the creators concerns in mind. God is responsible for everything in the universe. Discuss. Many Christians would agree that God is responsible for everything because He made our world. He purposely chose to make everything the way it is today for a reason, so if He is the one who made it all therefore it should be God who takes the responsibility of the universe. You could argue that because God made everything and He made it so that it was supposed to be perfect, then how whoremaster he allow natural disasters and affection to occur.God is omniscient, therefore everything that is happening in our world, God has chosen that to happen, everything is there for a particular reason. When God crested the world He gave us go off will but He still created it, so in a way we think we have our own free will but because God is omniscient then He has already chosen what will happen to us. Human beings could be seen as Gods robots, doing what we have been programmed to do. We have a responsibility to do good whilst we are on the earth because that has been programmed into us through God when He first created Adam and Eve.However other Christians whitethorn disagree that God is responsible for everything because humans are the ones who actually live on the earth, whereas God is not actually part of this world. Human beings were given the breath of God when He created the first man and this has been passed onto all humans throughout history. By giving us a difference from animals, gives humans a high state of hierarchy. By having this power higher than all other things on the earth it makes us responsible for the world and it is up to humans to look by and by it.When God created Eve she ate from the tree of knowledge which God had forbidden. This created original sin, as Eve had given int o the temptation of the snake and the tree and gone against what God had said. Some Christians believe that it is Eve then who is the root of all evil. If eve had not eaten fruit from the tree, then the world might have been a discontinue place. God gave them the chance of free will and wanted to see if they could resist temptation and because they couldnt we are now still suffering for that mistake.So it is not God who was responsible for that but actually human beings and that is why evil occurs in the world. It is almost a warning sign from God to keep taking care of the world he created. I dont think that there is one right answer for this question. God did create the world therefore we are all under his power. However no one in the world is perfect and we all make mistakes and a lot of the time those mistakes can affect lots of people, until it grows into a worldwide thing. As God did give us free will then I think that makes us part responsible for the world and space maybe not the universe.

Leadership Styles and International Teams Essay

The only commentary of a draw is someone who has chase Peter DruckerThis definition, from Peter Drucker has been a great inspiration source. It generates a lot of interrogations and melt downs us either(prenominal) along this document. Its brief, clear and amazingly relevant. How to define a attractor with proscribed computeing about the psyches who permit to consider them as attraction? Its sometimes difficult to understand how some drawing cards became such important beca engross of our disagreement with their idea, or actions. Dictators argon the perfect example to illustrate it.There were, and argon a mixture of extreme Leaders. exclusively we break to recognize their extraordinary charisma and skills to rise crowd. Technically speaking, they scum bag be considered as archetype flush if they abuse of this personal power to satisfy their own desires and brings ( heedless laws and extremitys of the many). But this ethical problem brings us a nonher question, what s the difference among an efficient and a good attracter? We think its only a question of moral and an efficient drawing card cant be consider as a good one historically speaking.More generally, lead implies influencing employees to voluntarily pursue organisational goals. Thanks to his charisma, a attracter is able to come upon goal (or to choose them execute by others) whereas a manager is able to, convey to his knowledge and his capacity to organize. But its withal workable to be two of them, because managing is a skill that e very(prenominal)one could acquire.Not leadinghip, which is a quality issued from your personality. So we have to question ourselves What is a good attraction? And try to become the outperform as potential thanks to your personality? Firstly, we ar all overtaking to present the contrastive leadinghip focussings circumspection we grouped in 6 categories. Then, we be going to study how to be a good leader in an international squad m ise en scene and finally the particularities of leading an international squad up up.I/ leaders ardors1. overlooking leaders stylesThe leader defines partings and lying-ins he incurs unilateral decision without consulting any elements of the aggroup. He imposes actions to be taken. He expects immediate execution without objection. The compulsive leader doesnt direction about others opinion or suggestions. The leader decides for everything and everybody has to execute his decisions. Moreover he keeps as much power and decision-making authority as possible. This is a one-way converse I rank, you listen. Skills use for this leadership style influence, performance and initiative When to use autocratic leadership style?* When quick decisions desire to be taken or at that place is a limited time for decision making. For example a competitor rival decided to launch suddenly its raw(a) proceeds * When there is no bring to group agreement* When high-level of oversight i s filmed and the need of motivation is not critical. * When new and untrained staff does not know which occupations to perform or steps to fol rugged in the fraternity. In incident sometimes the play along hasnt got time to form an employee or to beg off to him what he has to do exactly in the firmWhat atomic number 18 the limits of the autocratic leadership style?* Employees argon expecting to simply follow the order of battles, and they are not pre jointureptuousness any explanations. * Employees have little opportunities to give suggestions even if it is for the welfare of the arranging. * Passive resistance of the police squad disinterest, disagreement. Lack of motivation and desire. * Some heap tend to use this style for yelling, using demeaning language, and leading by threats and abusing their power. * Sometimes this is not the authoritarian style which is used solely unprofessional style called bossing mass somewhat which is worst and abusive and has no place i n a company drill The autority of Chritine LagardeChristine Lagarde, 56 years old and currently director of the external monetary Fund, is classified 9th in the ranking of women with the greatestpower in 2012 accord to Forbes Magazine. She is now the woman of power par excellence, she is recognized by all for her graphic authority, intelligence and in effect(p)ness. She presides over the destiny of many countries. Christine Lagarde is not afraid to confront the economic crisis and to take important decisions, this is why she has got the surname of Iron Lady of the global economy. 2. Coaching leadership stylesThe coaching leader defines employees roles and tasks but he considers all their in ascribes and suggestion. He asks for ideas before he makes the final decision a group busy with feedbacks a good way to develop team members. The coach spends time with his employees and processs them to develop their strengths and skills, in line with their career. He seeks item-by-i tem autonomy and structure competent teams. This can have long benefits for the company, the leader and besides the employees. This is a two way communicating style between the decision of the coaching leader and the suggestions of the employees, the goal is to help and assist employees Skills used for this leadership style Listening skills, development of others, awareness of emotions, empathy When to use the coaching leadership style?* Help an employee to modify his productivity, to develop his resources, to be more than powerful in autonomy. * To create a team and accelerate the performance of this team in the future * To increase the compositions productivity, growth and the line of crease results in a long term period * To provide guidance and to develop a long-term strength because if the employees put one over the duty actualize, the refine help, it depart be positive for them and for the leader. The company will be more effective What are the limits of the co aching leadership style?* knotty to implement* It does not provide immediate results.* This style is difficult to implement because it is a guideline but at the same time the employee has got autonomy * This style does not work with employees who expect a precise list of tasks to execute (and therefore expect the micro-management)We did a case study of the coaching style of Richard Branson and his company The unadulterated group. It is set out in the Annex.3. Participative leadership styleThis style involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process. The leader wants to create a team with his employees without hierarchy. He encourages the staff to participate at the decision making process What do you think?. The leader keeps staff inform about everything that affects their work. He can organized some brainstorming to reap ideas or criticism a project. Moreover this style enhances the creativity and the innovation it yields the company to benefi t from embodied intelligence.Using this style is a sign that the leader respect his employees, it allows them to become part of the team and allows the leader to make better decisions. If there is a problem, the staff will be involved in the solving process Lets go to work to encounterher to solve this Skills used for this leadership style Teamwork and collaboration, conflict management, influence, empathy When to use democratic style?* Leaders want to encourage team building and participation. * Leaders want staff to be involved in decision-making and problem-solving processes. * Leaders want to provide opportunities for personal development and job satisfaction. * If the team mustiness agree with a decision and is responsible for the outcome. * When the leader needs to use the skills and knowledge of his team in order to come up with decision. * When the leader is new and wants to have information on his team.What are the limits of the participative leadership style?* It is ineff icient when it comes to getting quick results * It is inadequate in times of crisis* An employee very efficient can be impatient waiting the opinion of the connection to proceed, and in contrast evasive employees, who prefer not to be involved, may create problems. * Participative time consuming process of decision-making and today time is money spokesperson The participative style of Steve JobsJobs believed in his employees creativity comes from spontaneous mergings You run into someone, and ask what they are doing, you say Wow, and soon you are cooking up all sorts of ideas. Steve Jobs infused orchard apple tree employees a belief that they could accomplish anything, he enjoyed working with teams who intrusted in themselves, who saw themselves as winners. He believed in teams collaboration. Moreover he commented that if a building did not encourage innovation, you stomach the magic sparked by serendipity4. capitalist/Delegating/ Free Rein/Hands off StylesStyle Descripti onLaissez-faire leaders allow pursuit to have complete unaffectionatedom to make decisions concerning the completion of their work. Team members control the day-to-day decisions and involve the leader when needed. It is key that the team understands when to get the leader involved. It ingests the leader to trust nation and their skills, and give the maximal freedom to team members. It allows followers a high degree of autonomy and self-rule, speckle at the same time offering guidance and support when requested. The individuality leader using guided freedom provides the followers with all necessary materials to contact their aims, but does not participate in decision making directly unless the followers request. It is said that the Laissez-faire leadership style, or we may call delegating/free rein/hands off styles, may be the shell or the worst leadership style.If the leader just simply follows the meaning of inactive, doesnt involve participation or intervention at all, wh en he /she leads his or her followers, this style of leadership might become the worst. The two words laissez-faire and leadership are absolute direct opposites. The French term laissez-faire was originally used relative to mercantilism, and is defined in economics and politics as an economic system that functions best when there is no interference by government, and is considered a natural economic order that procures the maximum come up- creation for the individual and extends to the community. lead is defined as an interactive process that provides needed guidance and direction. Leadership involves three interacting dynamic elements a leader, a follower(s) and a office staff. The leaders role is to influence and provide direction to his/her followers and provide them needed support for theirsand the organizations success.This free leadership style is based on the set forth that the leader and the team have a commonalty goal, have a close and reliable relationship. Through th e free leadership style, leaders show a high degree of trust and recognition to the team members, including loyalty and professional skills. Thus, the enthusiasm for the work of the team members is stimulated, and the team can work efficiently. Therefore, the primary factors that affects this leadership style, is the relationship between the team leader and members. When the team shares the same target and the common direction, and the leader has full confidence in his/her own team members, it may be as trustedd to the team members to have free rein to carry out the project and the free style of leadership can be possible to be applied from the beginning to the end. When the members and the leader do not have a unified goal, or the team does not have a common direction or the same target to r severally, the team members will take advantage of this free style leadership for its own sake, harming the interests of the whole team or making a violation of the leader.Because the free rein leadership style gives high degree of autonomy to the team members, and it is an expression of trust in the team members, including the affirmation of loyalty, expertise etc, once the atmosphere of freedom is broken in the leading process, or the relationship between the leader and the team was broken, there will be conflicting, affecting freedom leadership style until the relationship is restored again. Therefore, the implementation of the free style of the leadership, attention should be focused on that the goal is the same, as well as a close relationship with team members. fit GroupWhen the team is highly capable to analyze de situation and have a clear idea of the situation to be taken in a particular situation. * For example, this style can often be found in teams of professionals, such a team of doctors or engineers, as they form to achieve a goal or solve a problem. * When a close monitoring of a decision is not necessary. * When leaders have full confidence in team member s.Unsuitable GroupNot suitable for employees with lower-skills and experience. Free members who are free to take their own decisions can deprivation of motivation. Moreover, thereis no way to check if they do the right thing, this can lead to sad productivity. Decisions can have negative impact on the whole result. 5. Psychological Leadership StyleStyle DescriptionLeaders of this style occupy a special mail in any group. A mental leader motivates group, encourages and supports his /her group members, and takes care of the emotional needs of group members. For example, in a sport team, when a member begins, the leader might ask, How do you like to be supported? Would you like us to be verbal with our encouragement? Would you like us to be softly attentive and add our ideas when asked? Or what? In this leadership style, the leaders play the role of spiritual pillar. He/she is the team leader, team representatives, and even the role of engine room source. They are supposed to be all-powerful, all-knowing, invulnerable, incorruptible, indefatigable and fearless. The Leader is responsible for failure or success.He/she is the superman/superwomen or the guilty. If the President of the United State shows weakness, infirmity or fear, the effect shows themselves soon in the stock market, as well as in political car in any casens and letters to newspaper editors. So the leaders need to have a high degree of personal charm and quality, attract team members to work around him. This leadership mode, the team leader is the charm of the team, the team members to be able to join the team under the team leadership to become the pride. Therefore, in this case, because of the charm of the leaders, the team was able to attract a macroscopic number of talents to enrich the teams strength. The team will gradually grow under the leadership and guidance of the leader. In this team, the centripetal force of the team depends entirely on the personal charm and personal abilities of the team leader.The team leader is like a magician. He continues to attract the attention of the team members, and unites the team members closely. However, this model of leadership has such serious dependence on the leader that any wrong decision of the leaders will result in the error of the team direction. Moreover, the excessive authority of the leader also causes that no one can supervise or correct the errors of the leader. Whats more, once the leader leaves the team, the entire team will face the situation of losing its pillar and vitality. For example, Steve Jobs for the Apple team is not only aneffective leader, but also a psychological leader. Early, Jobs personal creative spirit brought vitality to the whole team. Later, for the reasons of the Board, Steve Jobs left Apple. As a result, the Apple operating nosedived and even face a closure. And then, Jobs was hired to Apple once again. Thanks to his leadership, i series products were developed, and Apple came back to l ife. Since the death of Steve Jobs, Apple product ideas have been questioned, because Apple lost its original creativity and vitality. Suitable GroupWhen members are ready, this is the most effective leadership style. For example, when employees already know their weaknesses and hope to improve their performance, the employees are aware of the need to cultivate new capabilities for self-improvement. Unsuitable GroupWhen the team members refuse to view or refuse to budge their work. As a matter of fact, this style of leadership has an influence on the mind of the team member. If the members are not willing to accept inwardly, it is impossible to make the style of leadership work. 6. Situational Leadership StylesStyle DescriptionThe situational leadership scheme is developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard. correspond to this theory, there is no single best style of leadership. Effective leadership is task-relevant, and the most successful leaders are those that adapt their leade rship style to the individual, group or the situation. We can take some daily example to explain because we know some people are always late, when we tell them the time to meet, we will make it earlier than others on the first day of a new colleague, we try not to get angry with him/her, especially he/she is nervous. The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership mannequin contains two fundamental concepts leadership style and maturity level. Leadership style match to this theory, the leadership style, or we can also call the behavior pattern, includes directive (task) behaviors and supportive (relationship) behaviors. Directive (task) behaviors lead members toachieve the goal in one-way chat, like a dominateer of the group. Using methods as below, 1. Provide direction guiding, pointing out the direction of the team effort 2. Setting targets & telling members how to achieve them 3. Using evaluation methods & time lines to help members to get correct information 4. Defining roles, assigning responsibilities to for each one group member Supportive (relationship) behaviors help group members in two-way communication, like a coach in the team, these behaviors may include 1. Asking for resources, raise funds, gaining time for the group2. Solving Problems for the group, including technical problems, social relation problems, etc. 3. Encouraging members, earreach to their thoughts, paying attention to their emotions, boosting their moral. Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard classified all leadership styles into 4 behavior types, named S1 to S4 S1 Telling is characterized by one-way communication in which the leader defines the roles of the individual or group and provides the what, how, why, when and where to do the task S2 Selling while the leader is still providing the direction, he or she is now using two-way communication and providing the socio-emotional support that will allow the individual or group being influenced to buy into the processS3 Participating th is is how shared decision-making about aspects of how the task is accomplished and the leader is providing less task behaviors while maintaining high relationship behavior S4 Delegating the leader is still involved in decisions however, the process and indebtedness has been passed to the individual or group. The leader stays involved to monitor progress. Maturity LevelsAccording to the individuals or the group, the suitable leadership style is to be chosen. The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory identified four-spot levels of Maturity M1 through M4M1 They still lack the particular(prenominal) skills required for the job in hand and are unable and unwilling to do or to take responsibility for this job or task. M2 They are unable to take on responsibility for the task being done however, they are willing to work at the task. They are novice but enthusiastic. M3 They are experienced and able to do the task but lack the confidence or the willingness to take on responsibi lity. M4 They areexperienced at the task, and comfortable with their own ability to do it well. They are able and willing to not only do the task, but to take responsibility for the task. Developing people and self-motivationA good leader develops the competence and commitment of their people so theyre self-motivated rather than dependent on others for direction and guidance. (Hersey 91)6 According to Herseys the situational book,7 the leaders high, realistic expectation causes high performance of followers the leaders low expectations lead to low performance of followers. According to Ken Blanchard, Four combinations of competence and commitment make up what we call development level. D1 employees are low in competence and high in commitment.D2 employees are described as having some competence but low commitment. D3 employees who have moderate to high competence but may lack commitment. D4 employees are the highest in development, having both a high degree of competence and a high degree of commitment to getting the job done. Advantages of Situational Leadership1) The outstanding reliability. This model has been prove to be an effective method of leadership. Many enterprises tend to use this theory to train leader. 2) The situational leadership theory can be widely applied. It is developed for all types of team. Compared to other leadership styles, which focus only on a specific type of team, situational leadership theory has greater adaptability. 3) Situational leadership model is easy to time lag and apply.On one hand, the concept of situational leadership model is easy to understand, on the other hand, it can tell clearly what to do and what not to do in various(a) contexts. 4) Situational leadership model emphasizes the flexibility of the leader. A successful leader knows how to adjust their leadership lineaments consort to the characteristics of the team, to enhance the teams efficiency. 5) Situational leadership model concerns not only about the le aders but also about the team members. The team members would be more confident and comfortable in their work. Disadvantages of Situational Leadership1) In practice, it is not easy to classify the subordinates level. 2) How to match the actual style of situational leadership? Situational leadership model is just a general leadership style type. How to operate in practice to achieve the goal, it has not been specifically defined. 3) It is not mentioned, how much the demographics will influence the application of the polar leadership styles. 4) Lack of support from the empirical analysis. So far there are just a few surveys or researches done to justify the assumption. II/Leadership Styles in Managing planetary Teams International Managers as a team leaders How to be a good Leader that is the question?A leader is not a friend, not a tyrant but a fair man and a fair business man. His work consists in managing international teams, diverse cultures and personal differences. He has to d istinguish himself as a reference, because working groups need leaders. Moreover, in a whole interdependent business world, Globalization has imposed as a global and required attitude and not only an economic reality any more. But there are diametric styles of leadership reflecting the diversity of the world. That is why, a leader has to regain fundamental tools and establish a strong peck for successful leadership. He has to inspire, motivate and lead a whole team. And do not go away to adapt to different ideals to follow the same road map. It is an everyday-job. 1/ How are perceived Foreign Leaders?First to underline a global imaginativeness of Leadership, we need to know how are perceived foreign leaders in the different countries? Is everyone has the ability to be a leader? Is there only a global leader or a huge amount of domestic leaders? All these responses could help us to understand all the difficulty to be a leader and also the stake to be culturally savvy in order to manage an international team. Let us have a look on different domestic leaders* In Gallic culture A leader should be a strong authority inscribe with a high degree competence. * In French culture The French follow a competent leader, the follow the highest position. The French managers are integrated within an authority vane, pyramid of differentiated power(hierarchical). * In German culture Germans respect competence rather than personality with both individual work and collective work. Indeed creativity and rational outlook are essential for a career success mostly in an entity organized as a network of individual. * In American culture Americans evolve in an autocratic system. They advocate worker participation in management decisions. * In Scandinavian culture They need a participative Leader, Mostly for overlap data and information within the organization. * In Japanese culture Japanese respect social positions, age and status. Indeed, Japan has a close proximity, and a cul ture built around the extended family (fundamental element of life in the Far East) with symbols as the village, the rice field and so on.They points out the cooperative ethos of the East. Eastern culture allows people to play in any way that will benefit the team, encouraging the spirit and score goals. Japan for vitrine encourages innovation and enterprise with a shared vision of the nation. Communication and information sharing are cornerstones of the Japanese corporation through report for instance. * In British culture Instructions disguised as request with a fairness attitude are crucial qualities for Leaders (interpersonal and subjective view in an organization where there is a network of relationships and where things get done through influence). * In Spanish culture Courage and decisiveness with ability to solve issues are the best leaders requests. * In Italian culture Personal relationships are fundamental (family model), recognizing personal confidence of the owner. In addition, The West prefers a culture based on smaller units, encouraged to think for them and to be self-sufficient, to encourage competition. These differences are reflected in the management practices.Westerns need for hierarchical organizations with quadruplex layers of management perpetuating feelings of exclusion, isolation and competition. Westerners assign people through positions and tell workers what they can or cannot do whereas they argue that group cohesion is crucial to productivity and their systems of reward are based on individual effort, and appraisal systems viewed with cynicism because they are open to favoritism. They are Individualists and for them competitive culture prevails. 2/ What are Leaders tasks and Attributes to manage an international team? A leader has move his/her perceptions of the game to win. He needs to know how to change in order to improve the efficiency of his/her team. And in the same time,leaders have to assess his/her followers perception s of the games boundaries, rules and definition of success, because conditions in the global market place are forcing reevaluating the meaning of teamwork, global partnership or even alliances.That is why leaders have to take into account the right signal. But how to read the right signals? Mis depicting the wrong signal, they could lose business opportunities. That is why Observing, Searching and underlying cross-functional, cross-cultural issues in multinationals teams help change team efficiency. Sometimes it requires other additional qualities* Flexibility* Sense of humor* Patience* Sensitivity* Ability to check assumptions* Willingness to listen to others* tenuity* Respect for difference* Trust in the ability of effective teams to outperform individuals It is more or less difficult according to leaders origins. Indeed for Americans it is rightfully difficult, because they have different professional outlooks and backgrounds. And personal leading qualities are innate or acqu ired, sometimes, imposing to pay a role in order to achieve key requirements. Exposure to other countries can just as easily reinforce ethnocentrism as counteract it. International managers can learn many of the skills they need, which are the following and adopt key behaviors a) Applying good judgmentIt is about decent aware of diverse assumptions, spelling them out and checking to see if others share them. That is to say learn to confront without alienating, clarify without prejudging, give and receive feedback without being defensive, centralize information, belief, feel, perceptions and broadcast it. Moreover it requires checking behaviors and showing example, because Leaders have to be models. b) Reading cross-cultural cuesIt depends on high context gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, nonverbal cues. It implies do homework on the culture in advance (dos and taboos), be prepared spend hours in polite conversation before getting down to business in Japan or Mexico. Inde ed, that knowledge on different cultures is a bonus to profit on. Understand the difference between personal or cultural values, norms to adapt for Multinationals negotiations which differs according each corporate culture and history. Multinationals leaders have to develop ambiguity managing training courses and experience to be the most flexible as possible.They need to use their intuition and rationality to separate personal biases from probable facts. c) Finding a guide not to be manipulated but well-oriented A guide is a model figure that is followed. A Leader needs to be a guide and to the fit the corporation culture. It also infers sometimes becoming coaches or mentors, but not friends. Indeed a lack of proximity could reach a lack of efficiency and rigor. d) Reflecting as well as actingThe international team leader has to be a model and act as one. Because of difference in players and game strategies they must make time to reflect as well as to act because they want long- run results. Moreover the mix of personnel is becoming increasingly international that is why they need to create an environment that rewards openness, frankness, engagement and teamwork. Do either one-to-one or group argueions to be more profitable and have more creative results.The international team leader must decide when to use groups, how to compose them and how to orchestrate meetings so that power plays are controlled and personalities balanced. Adapting and changing, if necessary, from one-to-one management to an effective orientation in the global market place. HR staffs must build up their expertise to meet teamwork challenge. e) Modeling the processTeamwork begins at home. Leaders first examine their own cozy capabilities and then buy or Make a flexible mobile cross-culturally competent team of professionals. f) Selecting the right peopleThrough a set of international assignment criteria tailored to specificculture helps reassure success abroad, developing company-sp ecific and country-specific personal profiles. g) Considering with shareholders commonplace decisions on the best objectives and elements for international human resources have to support plan through code signing. h) Training modificationWith package courses leaders have to make sure people discuss their perceptions on what they actually see. Build the idea of differences because of gender, culture, organizations, age, personal learning styles. Indeed, when people work in groups, they need to make sure members are from a variety of backgrounds in order to cultivate diversity to teach people how to act and react without forgetting developing working rules that will allow each people equal air time. Furthermore, they have to encourage international managers to bring in actual team problems for discussion, role playacting and reflection is substantial.Teamwork must be a driving value within the company and be appropriately rewarded. And HR Staff should develop an internal communicati on network, so that each employee is aware of how different teams work, what they accomplish and what knowledge and expertise they can share. Means as proper selection, training, support and incentives will get international teams outperform individuals. But how can we recognize the leader in any case?There is a practical test take the right to apply sanctions, reward, put his/her veto, predominate individuals decisions about corporation structure. i) Leaders Tasks (ability required)* Simplify Leaders have to resolve value conflicts among his/her followers. * Link action to vision Leaders need to clarify and explain shared goals versus actions required in order to put a strategic and co-working framework. * Be different Leaders must distinguish himself/herself from his/her followers (authority, hierarchy framework). They need to think to the answer of the following question How do you see you leader? Indeed, followers need believing in a winner, sometimes without any sympathy syno nymous with expertise and success managing multinational teams.We can emphasize that leaders distinguish themselves with the following drivers balancing between resolve and severity *Expertise depending on experience, knowledge and understanding of the world. * Personal qualities energy, persistence, memory and insight. * Track commemorate past performance, reputation and ability to dealing with a situation nobody had faced before. * Vision Traduce the corporate strategy broadcast the road map of the group integrating followers through his/her presence. That is to say put ikon on action, identifying key common values and beliefs in order to the whole team can fell involved in. Inspire that vision better-looking an identity of each one linking through staff loyalty, implying the same aspirations. The leaders vision need to be promoted throughout the organization and sustained thanks to every-day actions, with change if required. ** Have a vision learn to communicate a vision to p eople, your team can follow * Communicate it* Believe it* Follow it* Model it* Be passionate Passion is contagious take your passion and make it happen * Be a great decision maker be quick, committed, analytical and thoughtful. * Be a team builder let one of your team members to take responsibilities, dont micromanage and make you available if questions come near. * Be a life-long pupil the world is changing and new resources become available every day. Leader must be aware of new technologies and to share it with your staff. * Communicate clearly recommend you have diverse listeners, make sure you tell everyone in the same way, the same message. * Give an expect respect to earn respect, give it, and get it. * Be knowledgeable leaders must be aware of everyday changes in business and discuss about it within the team, answer to up-to-day questions/concerns. * Be organized in order your staff be. Be exemplary.* Be positive think positive to motivate and work in a positive and effic ient way. ConclusionTo sum up, we have defined a leadership profile. Leaders are individuals who help create options and opportunities. They help identify choices and solve problems. Leaders build commitment and coalitions.They do this byinspiring others and working with them to construct a shared vision of the possibilities and promise of a better group, organization, or community. Leaders engage followers in such a way that many followers become leaders in their own right. The varied demands of an increasingly complex world often require that leadership be shared by many of the members of a group, in ways appropriate for different situations. Be Aware, Be differentIII/ Intercultural management tip an international team The last half century has seen enormous change impacting the way we work. The world is shrinking with advances in information technology playing a crucial role in facilitating the global expansion of organizations. International teams are now a common phenomenon wi th many large organizations structuring their workforce according to function rather than geography. Successful organizations do not hesitate to move their talents around the world to ensure that they have the right skills and knowledge in the right location when necessary. But what does it take to manage such a culturally diversified and geographically dispersed team? What is an international team?The increase both in organizational global mobility and in individual migration means that, most large organizations now employ a multicultural workforce. It is not un ordinary to find traditional teams made up of members from a number of different countries. These team members work for the same organization and may share the same profession, but the fact that they do not share the same cultural background provides them with a different view of the world. As a result, they think and behave differently to each other.Virtual teams are also on the rise as international organizations embrace new technologies to enable geographically dispersed teams to work together cost-effectively and efficiently. This practical(prenominal) and remote working of members from different cultures and across different time zones doesnt come without challenges. Cultural generalizationsIt would be wrong to suggest that team members from one specific cultural background always behave in the same way. Of course, personality, up deliverance, previous experiences and a host of other factors all impact their behaviors. Any team bringing different personalities and experiencestogether can face frustrations and challenges. However, researches have shown that values and attitudes tend to differ according to ones cultural background resulting in different work practices and behaviors. * Do team members prefer to work on individual projects or pool their ideas and resources? * Is it acceptable to show emotion during conflict?* Should they be pass judgment to stay late or take work home in order to finish a project? * Is it ok to interrupt a meeting to take an important phone call? Members of different cultural groups will answer these and other questions differently. Academic researchers such as Geert Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars have shown that cultural behaviors modify according to a series of dimensions on which we can place the countries of our colleagues. Key cultural dimensions include* Hierarchy vs. egalitarianism* Groups vs. individuals* Relationship vs. task* Open vs. occult displays of emotion* Degree of comfort with uncertainty and risk* Work/life balance* Attitudes to time and space* Attitudes to nature and the environmentUnderstanding that individuals belonging to different cultural groups have varying attitudes to these dimensions can help us understand how and why our colleagues and team members sometimes do things differently. For example, a team member from a hierarchical culture such as India tends to be more deferent to their manager and expects approval for each piece of work before moving on to the next stage. Conversely, team members from more egalitarian cultures such as Australia or the USA are usually much more comfortable working autonomously. guidance versus LeadershipThe purpose of management is to make people effective, motivate them, operate and communicate a strategic process. It is the hardest Whilst Leadership is setting a new direction the entity will follow. Leaders are spearheads. Leadership complements management. But both deal with human aspects thatrequire self-awareness, to understand differences, accept and value them. This is a sum up of each ones responsibilitiesLeaders Managers* Cope with change * Set a new direction of that change * Align people * Motivate people by satisfying basics (human needs) * Cope with complexity * Develop capacity to achieve its plans by organizing and staffing * Enquires controlling and problem solving * Budget and plan tip international teams a Global LeaderDefinition proposed b y Mendenhall and al in 2008 Global leaders are individuals who effect significant positive change in organizations by building communities through the development of trust and the arrangement of organizational structures and processes in a context involving multiple cross-boundary stakeholders, multiple sources of external cross-boundary authority, and multiple cultures under conditions of temporal, geographical and cultural complexity. Managers of international teams need to take time to improve their own global cultural knowledge and sensitivity in order to understand the different expectations, priorities and behaviors of their team members. Intercultural training and/or coaching can help managers to develop the knowledge, skills and strategies to manage an international team more effectively. winning the time to learn about other cultures and becoming more culturally curious is invaluable for anyone new to managing an international team. The real challenge is to pre-empt challe nges and frustrations that may arise in an international team and to harness the positives in order to create synergy from the culturally diverse team members. Managers may need to adapt their usual leadership style to maximize the potential of an international team. What has been successful with domestic teams may not always work as well with an international team. Planning, scheduling, trust criteria, expectations of delegation, feedback and regularity of contact will be viewed differently according to the culture of the individual. Good international managers need to adapt their style to take these differences into account. Managers also need to consider different ways of making team members feel valued as an important part of the team. For some cultures being valued as a person is not soimportant as long as their work is respected. Other cultures are more holistic they want to be desire by their manager and appreciated as a person and want to receive credit for the tasks they c omplete.So spending time getting to know team members is essential in the early stages in order to understand the skills and knowledge each individual brings to the team and how to bring out the best in each of them. When the manager form an international team, he needs to be clear and explicit and always uses documents ground rules and processes with input from all the team players to avoid ambiguity at a later stage. Good relationships between the team leader and members are essential but not enough on their own. Team members also need to get on well with each other, even if the team is geographically dispersed. Providing opportunities for team members to share knowledge and experience whether through informal forums or more formal meetings, team building events or training programs will allow the team to build rapport and trust, making it easier to work effectively as a unit.To finish, Global Leadership differs from Domestic Leadership. Indeed Domestic leadership lacks of conne ctedness. A global leader implies a global scope with a management perception, a relationship management and a self-management. It requires cultural sensitivity. A leader has to create relationship, hit the bottom line and merge a common vision and common goals. Global Leadership versus Domestic LeadershipThe increase of competent global leaders has become a key success factors in International Companies. Indeed, implement global strategies keeps on developing the number of constraints. Global talent leads to Global leaders and require understanding differences between global and domestic leadership stakes. Global leaders are distinctive in their scope, their mindset moreover they need to be culturally aware. The difference between global and domestic leadership infers additional complexity. In other words, Global Leaders need to cope with * Multiplicity of issues across a range of diverse dimensions, for instance with different customers, sub judice procedures, regulation and comp etitors. * Interdependence among lots of stakeholders from different culture, countries that is to say with different polices, economies and environmental systems. * Ambiguity in interpreting relationships, cues and signals at the appropriate situation. * Flows interms of transactions, sharing information, values patterns and the last but not the least the organization structure. Ghemawat (2008), a Harvard Professor emphasizes the challenges of global operations linked with the complexity of operating abroad. He say 4 difficulties * Cultural issues as language customs, religion and ethnicities. * Administrative and political issues as laws, trading blocs or currencies. * Geographical issues as physical distances, time zones.* sparing issues as income levels, cost of natural and human resources, infrastructure or information. But Caliguiri, an expert in careers recognized in the Business area, in 2006 claimed the experience blast according to that global leaders distinguish throug h their researches and his or her definition of what leaders do through their tasks and positions. It is a ground approach, much more every day practical. He highlighted the following stakes to be a global leader* Work with colleagues from other countries* Interact with external clients from other Countries* Interact with internal clients from other countries* Sometimes communicate using a second language* Manage and motivate geographically dispersed and diverse employees and teams * Develop strategic business plans on a worldwide basis* Manage a budget on a worldwide basis* Negotiate in other countries or with people of different nationalities * Manage foreign suppliers and vendors* Manage risk on a worldwide basisTo conclude those leaderships skills need to be assess to improve and develop talent and management processes. Because develop talented people and effective global leadership is definitively a competitive advantage for multinational companies. Different communication styl esGood team work is all about good communication. Even in a monocultural team, frustrations can occur all too easily when messages are misinterpreted and communication breaks down. Individuals from different cultural backgrounds usually favor different communication styles varying in terms of directness,formality, and use of silence, non-verbal signals and the levels of information shared. A useful concept is Edward T. Halls high and low context, which illustrates how relationships impact communication and the balance between verbal and non-verbal communication. A high context communicator will have a more indirect, implicit style and will rely more on the shared knowledge and experience than a low context communicator. It is easy to predict a low context team members frustrations with a colleague who seems unable to get to the point and tell it like it is.Asian cultures tend to be much more comfortable with silence rather than Western cultures in which it is more common to fill sil ences or sometimes to even talk over the person who is already talking. How does this impact an international team meeting and what can the team manager do to ensure that everyones opinion is heard? A clear agenda and meeting protocols are essential and the team manager needs to have the skills and awareness to interpret individual reactions and to guide the discussion to enable everyone to contribute. It is really important asking for individual updates or switching roles at each meeting so that different people lead or take the minutes are simple ways of ensuring that all voices are heard. Coping with conflictSuccessful international teams need to be comfortable with conflict and ready to resolve any disputes quickly. Cultural groups that place more importance on the group than on the individual are usually less comfortable with conflict as they value harmony and saving face. This is in contrast to those from individualist cultures who focus more on task than relationship and are usually open in expressing any disagreement.They dont view disputes as personal but simply as something to be resolved in order to get the best results for the project or task. Example French colleague who seemed to be extremely critical of his colleagues presentation but then gave very good feedback to his manager afterwards. He was challenging his colleague to stretch his thinking and to explore other options and possibilities but this didnt mean he thought it was a bad presentation.For a Western manager working with Asian team members it is important to allow them the opportunity to discuss any areas of conflict individually rather than in front of the team as this would potentially cause them to lose face orinduce others to lose face. So, the way leaders manage international teams, cope with conflict, organize and orchestrate team can depend on the organization of the firm and its cultural origin. Moreover, we can distinguish the Horizontal Leadership (Obama) and the Vertical Le adership (Sarkozy). Horizontal Leadership Vertical Leadership* Hierarchical organization * Mechanistic * Controlling resources * Chain of command * Span of control * Knowledge is power * Flat organization * Organic * Sharing resources * Coordinating * Unlocking potential * Knowledge creation ConclusionNow more than ever, there is a great opportunity for international collaboration through international teams. Whether its a single project or a long-term assignment, by taking a proactive approach to recognize the potential challenges of international teams, organizations can reap the benefits and create an international structure that ensures that their top talents are utilized to the best of their abilities and efficiency. International team leaders need to step back from usual assumptions and methods and put themselves in the shoes of their colleagues from other cultures. Re-evaluating what has worked well in the past, taking time to understand the preferences of each team member an d finding common ground for all, will help to form a united and effective international team. Be a global leader, manage an international team is definitively an every-day job dealing with the hardest human factors.ConclusionSo, we have seen how important the leadership in the actual world is. No matter what is its form, its generally a real pro for a team. Managing an international team is a hard task that leadership can simplify. Its necessary to understand that Leadership styles management are listed and defined, but its complicated to give advice about how leading because the person you are in relation with will impact a lot your leadership style. It will sometimes be more efficient to be autocratic whereas it was useless in a previous similar situation.The leader, to be the best as possible needto be a good manager and also mix all the different leadership styles in order to take the best from each one. Even if its pretty idealistic, this is the advice we would give in order to be a good manager. But is a good leader enough to manage an entire company?Tables des MatiresThe only definition of a leader is someone who has followers1I/ Leadership styles2II/Leadership Styles in Managing International Teams International Managers as a team leaders121/ How are perceived Foreign Leaders?122/ What are Leaders tasks and Attributes to manage an international team?13a)Applying good judgment14b)Reading cross-cultural cues14c)Finding a guide not to be manipulated but well-oriented15d)Reflecting as well as acting15e)Modeling the process15f)Selecting the right people15g)Considering with shareholders16h)Training modifications16i)Leaders Tasks (ability required)16Conclusion18III/ Intercultural management Leading an international team18What is an international team?18Cultural generalizations19Management versus Leadership20Leading international teams a Global Leader20Global Leadership versus Domestic Leadership22Different communication styles23Coping with conflict24Conclusio n25Bibliography, Videos sources and Study Case27Bibliography, Videos sources and Study Casehttp//www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y47qRvPHoVUhttp//www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPfRKu05bkQ& mark=related http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptKNVsf7b9Y&feature=related http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCtfV8tsphohttp//www.communicaid.com/cross-cultural-training/culture-for-business-and-management/leading-across-cultures/index.php http//www.ehow.com/info_8210591_cross-cultural-leadership-styles.html http//www.legacee.com/Info/Leadership/LeadershipStyles.html Hersey, P. and Blanchard, K. H.. Management of Organizational Behavior 3rd Edition Utilizing Human Resources. New Jersey/Prentice Hall, 1977 Blanchard, Kenneth H., Patricia Zigarmi, and Drea Zigarmi. Leadership and the One Minute Manager Increasing Effectiveness through Situational Leadership. New York Morrow, 1985 Ronald Goodnight. Encyclopedia of leadership Laissez-faire Leadership. Sage Publication, 2004Study Case Richard Branson Basic Example for Leade rship1. How it all beganSir Richard Branson is one of the worlds most eminent, creative, innovative and highly successful entrepreneurs of all time with a net worth of over $4.2 billion. Being the very epitome of a true business leader, he has gone through numerous difficulties to be able to found the pure Group, establishing a unique approach to leadership, which has attracted quite many followers all over the world. He has proved himself as the master of serial entrepreneurship, perfecting his one of a kind leadership style over the years. Born in 1950 and educated in Stowe in the United Kingdom, Richard Bransons first business venture was setting up a Student Magazine at the age of sixteen.This was initiated after his final decision to drop out of school, most probably due to the hardships he had faced in his earlier childhood, caused by his having been diagnosed with dyslexia. However, despite Bransons poor academic performance, in 1970 he founded Virgin as a mail order record retailer, which later turned into one of the most well-known brands in the world. During the following years, Virgin Records was established, which signed such prominent artists as Mike Oldfield, the Sex Pistols, the axial rotation Stones, etc. The Virgin brand continued to grow during the next decades as Branson expanded his enterprise by founding theVirgin Atlantic Airways, and also starting time a Virgin record label in America.With around 200 companies in over 30 countries, the Virgin Group has now expanded into leisure, travel, tourism, mobile, broadband, TV, radio, harmony festivals, finance and health and through Virgin Green Fund his company is now investing in renewable energy and resource efficiency. Moreover, in 2005, the Virgin Galactic, a space tourism company, came into existence, where the intention is to eventually reach orbital trips around the globe as well as go to the Moon. Branson has been named a transformational leader in the field of management, with his m averick strategies and his stress on the Virgin Group as an organisation driven on informality and information, one that is bottom-heavy rather than smothered by top-level management.2. The unique personality behind the face of Richard Branson Being a great leader is not an easy task to be achieved, and there is a certain set of personal characteristics, which are intrinsic to Richard Branson himself and make him the unique entrepreneur he is. Firstly, passion is of essential priority for the successful fulfillment of various tasks. It is the quality, which gives you the stimulus to further improve the performance of your company and develop your business ideas. Hence, Branson should definitely be considered a real passionate leader due to his invariable striving for perfection and sincere commitment to contributing to peoples welfare.On the Virgin Groups corporate website it is mentioned that the company is giving give to other firms as well as holding their hand through their d evelopment, as this pinpoints the exceptional supportive attitude of the company towards its staff. Secondly, the next personal characteristic of paramount importance happens to be courage in the form of having the guts to take risks and initiatives. One emblematic decision of Branson to switch bank due to poor support and advice for Virginia records led to the companys ultimate survival.Additionally, there are many examples of Branson, jumping into different ventures such as is the case with the space tourism-related Virgin Galactic. This enterprise was extremely risky and brave, yet very profitable as well. Despite the substantial uncertainty involved, Branson has showed several times he is excellent in risk management as well. When starting a new venture, he usually shares the risk with other investors, but also makes sure the risk is minimize doe eachparty. Thirdly, creativity along with having knowledge of the business you are in is a combination of personal features, which a re fundamental in being a great leader. There is no denying Richard Bransons extraordinary creativity, given the variety of industries his businesses operate in. From airlines to record labels, he has managed to build a steady empire. What is more, he has a profound knowledge of not only the business he runs, but the existing competition as well, which has led to a constant increase in the companys profits.Fourthly, in spite of having insight into different situations, it is also very important to be frankly motivated to do the right thing. Branson has shown the world his open and kind nature to create something he is proud of. Actually, he mentions this as his underlying philosophy of business to do something for the sake of improving other peoples lives, not merely making money. other positive feature of his adaptability has also helped him in achieving this task, as he is now engaged in numerous environmental initiatives and research. 3. Bransons leadership styleManagement is about doing things right, leadership is about doing the right thing, says Peter Drucker. Sir Richard Branson has developed his outstanding leadership style through the years and has proved it actually works. It can be best described as participative leadership. He makes sure to involve his subordinates as well as other stakeholders in the decision-making process in order to be able to extract various constructive opinions, which would aid to the flourishing of the business. Branson himself outlines that one cannot be a good leader unless he genuinely likes people. As a result of this, his leadership style is based on a few very simple and down-to earth rules, and namely * Smile. Everything gets much easier if you show a friendly face. * Have fun at work.* Believe in your ideas, employees and colleagues.As we can see, Branson puts a serious emphasis on human resource management. He strives to find people, who have innovative ideas and are determined to give 100% to achieve their goa ls. He insists that all of his employees should be company-oriented, sharing common values, co-operating with one another in their work to beat up competition. Consequently, the humanresource management system is built, so that the staff is constantly motivated and encouraged to improve his/her performance, being given certain benefits such as bonuses, profit sharing or any kinds of progress available. 4. Bransons leadership qualitiesA magnificent businessman, an inquisitive person, a truly caring human being, Sir Richard Branson possesses a set of leadership qualities, which only few entrepreneurs in the world have. It is his leadership abilities which make him stand out and have helped him build his empire of businesses. I shall mention the quintessential ones in order to analyze his image much better. First of all, Branson claims he has learnt his management skills through trial and error since founding his first business when he was sixteen. Nowadays, his main efforts are conce ntrated into achieving an effective time management. He divides his days equally between trouble shooting, new projects and promoting his businesses. He is regarded as a genius at handling and preparing PR activities and is never afraid of being in the limelight. Next, another skill of his is the ability to delegate work to his co-workers and management staff, leaving them to get a stake in the business and try to develop it as much as they can. He surely spends a great deal of time to build a certain business, but he also wants to recruit such people, who would be able to run it without him, thus taking a step back.Moreover, Richard Branson is famous for his belief that if one looks for the best, he will get the best. He is really precise when it comes to hiring potential employees. After a thorough selection has been conducted, he gets them to stay in the company regardless of the mistakes they may make. He is more likely to bring specific people into another venture where the per son is more likely to perform well according to his/her capabilities, than just fire them. With his likeable personality and professional leadership style, Sir Richard captures everybodys attention with his openness to people and devotion to their well-being. He considers failure as an infelicitous occurrence when leaders avoid the reality of business. What is one of his guiding principles is that one has to trust the people with whom he works and learn from their mistakes. Blame, bitter accusations and recriminations are pointless. Another leadership quality to be highlighted is Bransons striving to build tight interaction between managers and employees.Heencourages his staff to write to him with whatever suggestions they come up with, which would be of benefit to the future success of the company. He assumes that motivational strategies extend to innovative ideas, so he tries to listen to as many propositions as possible and offer his professional feedback. The development of a b ond with his team is an essential part of his everyday work. Following this feature, Sir Richard also gives his all to inspire people to think as if they were entrepreneurs themselves, and to treat them as adults. He believes that in order to make workers perform better, they should be given more responsibilities, which inevitably activates their self-conscience. Last but not least, one of Bransons main positive leadership characteristics is that he sees no one way to run a successful business, because what works well today, may not work at all tomorrow. This adds up to the point of trial and error mentioned above. Branson considers there are no strict rules to be followed just do what you believe is the best for you. When one makes a mistake, he stands up and learns how to avoid it in the future. He wittily mentions that this is the recipe for success and above that it deprives one from the grim want to scream at the sight of a bullet points list.